Need for a Multipurpose Cadastre (1980) / Chapter Skim
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4 Organizational Requirements for a Multipurpose Cadastre
4 Organizational Requirements for a Multipurpose Cadastre
Pages 75-100
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From page 75... ...
Many of the required data already are being generated in the legally established functions of local government. The most cost-effective way to build a multipurpose system is to link these many existing operations together so that the outputs of data available from each of them can be shared and made available as inputs for others.
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From page 76... ...
The institution of compatible multipurpose cadastres throughout the country will require the assistance and leadership of a federal lead agency. As each level of government and the private sector develops a multipurpose cadastre based on its requirements, the federal lead agency should assist the various Offices of Land Information Systems in making its cadastre compatible with the national network.
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From page 77... ...
Nevertheless, the files of local government agencies define the "state-of-the-land records" in most areas, and it would be folly to duplicate them rather than build upon them in a national program. We recommend that local governments be the primary access point for local land information.
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From page 78... ...
Data-processing systems and software will be managed by governmental units commissioned separately by the governments of each of the states. The local governments that are and will continue to be the primary operators of the cadastral records systems have been aptly described as "creatures of the state." We recommend that each state authorize an Office of Land Information Systems, through legislation where necessary, to implement the multipurpose cadastre.
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From page 79... ...
Further, the availability of an organized data base containing the items on which localities already have the definitive records, such as land use, soil productivity, and construction activities, should make possible some more equitable allocations both of existing aid programs and new programs that can be anticipated in the general area of conservation of land and landbased resources. 4.~.4 General Comparison of Roles: Federal, State, Local, and Private Sectors The reliance on local governments to maintain the cadastral records for their respective areas establishes the general pattern of roles to be fulfilled by each level of government and the private sector to support a national network of
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From page 80... ...
, coordination with other programs that generate or use the data in the local files, and the aggregation and forwarding of local data to federal programs. It will be up to each local government to reorganize and maintain the files for its own land area, as mentioned earlier, and to take maximum advantage of them for the planning and administration of local programs.
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From page 81... ...
base maps and cadastral overlays, and (3) the register of cadastral parcels.
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From page 82... ...
Further, states should delegate to their local governments the responsibility for maintaining the even more dense network of survey control points needed to confirm property boundaries, utility-line locations, and similar location-specific data, at least in the areas of relatively high land values. The national network of first- and second-order control points is well established, and there has been constant attention to its maintenance and updating by the National Geodetic Survey, as described in Section 2.4.1.
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From page 83... ...
The Bureau of Land Management has issued instructions in 1979 and 1980 for planning the integration of section comer monuments on these federal lands into the national geodetic control network. We recommend that the Bureau of Land Management proceed with its plans to position the network of Public Land Survey monuments that mark the corners of sections and quarter sections that are located on federal land and to integrate them with the national geodetic control network.
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From page 84... ...
These local functions that make heaviest use of cadastral maps also control, in their daily operations, the transactions that must be reflected in the continuous updating of the individual cadastral overlays. Where the transactions involve changes of boundaries of private properties, powers of approval over the new boundaries and other improvements required of the developer have been given to local governments in most urban areas and should become a standard practice nationwide.
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From page 85... ...
Drawing of the cadastral overlays on these base maps is left to local officials, typically the assessors. The results are of great value for administering the unique regulations of land use and development enforced by the State of Vermont, as well as in local government.
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From page 86... ...
Maintenance of the land-parcel register is logically a function of the county land-records office, or its equivalent in that locality. Changes in both the register and in the cadastral overlays maintained by that office should be simultaneous.
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From page 87... ...
We recommend that technical studies continue TO be sponsored by the federal government to identify consistent land information and display standards for use among and within federal agencies and between federal and state governments. These studies should rely on the authonly of state governments to adopt the standards and organize the data collection in cooperation with the federal government to ensure compatibility on a national basis, delegating these functions to local governments where appropriate.
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From page 88... ...
This mission is distinct from the resolution of the "hard" technical standards described in the preceding section. The agency that provides federal leadership in development of the cadastre should use the technical expertise already available in the agencies listed above but must develop its own expertise in mobilizing state and local governments with the appropriate financial and regulatory incentives.
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From page 89... ...
There will be important feedbacks between these evaluations of existing local systems and the development of technical standards described in the preceding subsection. Meanwhile, an important function of a new federal program, especially for building its contacts and credibility among state and local officials, will be technical assistance to local cadastral improvement projects, including referrals to other federal agencies and organizing interagency missions to local projects where special expertise is needed.
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From page 90... ...
On the other hand, none of these amounts is actually large in relation to the losses being suffered throughout our economy because of shortcomings in our existing land-records systems, in which billions of dollars are going to be invested anyway over the period of 10 to 20 years that would be required to realize an adequate multipurpose cadastral system, as described in Section 2.1. Furthermore, the federal participation in these costs should not need to be more than some limited percentage of matching funds, sufficient to stimulate state and local investments in updating maps and foes earlier than the normal schedule and with tight quality control on the data being entered.
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From page 91... ...
Promoting effective, efficient, and compatible land-information systems among governmental levels, in cooperation with the federal government to ensure compatibility on a national basis; · Setting standards for state, regional, and local government surveying, mapping, and land-data-collection efforts, making use of federal technical studies; . Providing guidance to those local of fires with major responsibilities for land information, namely, recorders, assessors, surveyors, engineers, and planners; .
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From page 92... ...
One of the relevant federal requirements for this type of grant program is that the state establish a general plan to accomplish the desired objectives. In the case of a cadastral improvement program, such plans will involve complex technical work, for example, a plan for a cadastral map system covering the state, which most states could not be expected to complete until at least some form of federal financial assistance for the technical studies has begun to flow.
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From page 93... ...
The functions of the new office would include the following: · Standardization of procedures among all the responsible county and municipal agencies to assure efficient acquisition, storage, maintenance, and retrieval of land information and records within the county; · Supervising, or at least monitoring, the production and maintenance of a system of county base maps and cadastral overlays that meet state standards for the multipurpose cadastre as described in Section 42.2; and · Creation and maintenance of the land-parcel register described in Section 4.2.3, including the recording of land information or restrictions emanating from municipalities or special-purpose districts within the county, the filing of which by those other offices would be mandatory, by state leg~slation. The functions of the new land-information, or land-records, office serving each locality would in general be the maintenance of the multipurpose cadastre, which eventually would provide the full scope of services described in Chapter 1.
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From page 94... ...
Representation of the American Bar Association and any other specialized associations of title abstracters or conveyancers should be engaged in review of the proposed cadastral improvement programs at both national and state levels. At the national level, liaison with these types of associations should be a special concern of the new federal cadastral system development program or, in the interim, of those who are sponsoring the new legislation.
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From page 95... ...
4. Land information is everyone's concern, which results in no one taking responsibility for it.
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From page 96... ...
Ultimately, they can produce an understanding of the concept of land-information science. 4.4 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIPURPOSE CADASTRE The recommendations advanced so far in this section relate to the ideal multipurpose cadastre that can only be afforded in the counties with relatively high urban land values at the outset and perhaps not until well into the twenty-first century for some of the more remote areas of the nation.
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From page 97... ...
Such a map would show relative sizes, shapes, and positions of each parcel, e.g., as do most local property maps. The establishment of a system of accurate base maps and cadastral overlays, tied to geodetic control, will permit a locality to move up to a Class A cadastre.
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From page 98... ...
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From page 100... ...
The components that differ the most between the Class B and the Class AA cadastres suggested here are geodetic control, cadastral mapping, and integration of survey records. These also are the components that will be the most expensive for the typical county and are more difficult to justify for their own sakes than are, for example, the steps that permit sharing of data files on land parcels among the county agencies.
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