The Role of Experimentation in Building Future Naval Forces (2004) / Chapter Skim
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4 Emerging Roles in Experimentation--The Joint Connection
4 Emerging Roles in Experimentation--The Joint Connection
Pages 107-140
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From page 107... ...
Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM) experimentation process, within the regional Combatant Commands in the field, and through cross-Service experimentation, in which another Service participates in a predominantly naval experiment or vice versa.
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From page 108... ...
In USJFCOM's own statement of its vision, "U.S. Joint Forces Command leads the transformation of the United States 1That a combatant commander should be designated to undertake joint warfighting experiments is expressed as the sense of Congress in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999 (P.L.
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From page 109... ...
. The plan must incorporate a decentralized process to explore and advance emerging joint operational concepts, proposed operational architectures, experimenta tion and exercise activities currently being conducted by the Joint War fighting Capabilities Assessment Strategic Topic Task Forces, the combatant commands, the Services and Defense agencies.
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From page 110... ...
USJFCOM's Joint Experimentation Directorate (J-9) organization is developing a number of new joint warfighting concepts with an emphasis on operational-level unified command and control.
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From page 111... ...
Current and Evolving U.S. Joint Forces Command Experimentation Programs USJFCOM conducts many different types of experimentation activities, including war games, constructive simulations, human-in-the-loop simulations, limited objective experiments, and large-scale field exercises such as Millennium Challenge '02.
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From page 112... ...
Millennium Challenge '02 was a congressionally mandated field exercise/ experiment that combined a number of goals, including troop training and Service experiments (e.g., the Navy's Fleet Battle Experiment-Juliet (FBE-J) and the Marine Corps Millennium Dragon 2002 experiment)
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From page 113... ...
Joint Forces Command, J9239, "The Millennium Challenge, `The Scene Setter,'" presentation to the committee on July 30, 2002. 8The "normal" time is the 6-year cycle shown in Figures 4.2 and 4.3 in this chapter.
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From page 114... ...
U.S. Joint Forces Command's Emerging Concepts Table 4.2 lists the current set of joint concepts that USJFCOM is formulating together with the committee's understanding of its current assessment status.
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From page 115... ...
It explores future joint operations with future military and crisis management. Standing Joint USJFCOM postulates an SJFHQ assigned to each theater Yes Force combatant commander and embedded in the combatant Headquarters commander's staff under the direction of a flag or general (SJFHQ)
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From page 116... ...
Synopsis of Results of U.S. Joint Forces Command Experimentation to Date The results of joint experimentation should, in coming years, flow directly from USJFCOM's mission to "(a)
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From page 117... ...
The recent efforts of USJFCOM in Millennium Challenge '02 and for the next several years focus on two overarching concepts: (1) improving joint command and control through Standing Joint Force Headquarters (SJFHQ)
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From page 118... ...
in the even-numbered years, with Service experiments such as FBEs, JFEXs, AWEs, and Marine Corps experiments wrapped into these joint experiments. 12Material in this section is drawn from the Joint Concept Development and Experimentation Campaign Plan, FY 2002-2007, prepared by Gen William F
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From page 119... ...
Emerging Strategy of the U.S. Joint Forces Command for Experimentation Campaigns On the basis of experience gained in recent years and in response to lessons learned in the Millennium Challenge process, USJFCOM has defined a regular schedule for annual experimentation events -- the simulation-based Vision experiments, cycled with the field-based Challenge experiments.
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From page 120... ...
As shown in Figure 4.2, this 6-year cycle integrates concept development, experimentation, and prototyping through analysis gaming, and several tests of Service and joint experimentation. It starts with workshops and seminars early in the campaign, war games and limited-objective experiments in midcampaign, and a large simulation experiment to culminate the campaign, followed a year later by a corresponding field experiment.
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From page 121... ...
(These points are the subject of additional discussion in the section below entitled "Naval Linkages to U.S. Joint Forces Command Experimentation.")
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From page 122... ...
Plan Forces Joint Command. Campaign U.S.
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Nor can they adequately account for information operations, deal with operations other than high-intensity conflict, model the efforts of 15In fact, the Navy's "QuickLook" assessment stated that the federation "created serious limitations in the execution of advanced concepts." See Commander, Navy Warfare Development Command, 2002, "Naval Message to Commander, Fleet Forces Command, Norfolk, Va., Regarding QuickLook Report Fleet Battle Experiment Juliet," NWDC, Newport, R.I., August.
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From page 124... ...
In this vision, the CEE would allow experimenters to perform near-continuous experimentation, both locally and at distributed locations to explore multiple questions simultaneously and to ensure that joint considerations are included in all experiments. A continuous experimentation environment would dramatically improve the DOD's capability to conduct joint concept development and experimentation.
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(then Commanding General, First Marine Expeditionary Brigade and the Joint Task Force Commander during portions of Operation Enduring Freedom) , stated that some of the innovative operational concepts that he applied originated from his observations in the Hunter Warrior AWE.
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From page 126... ...
The range of these campaigns runs from the earliest concept development through analysis, war games, and simulations, leading ultimately to LOEs and the large field experiments such as the Millennium Challenge series. An orderly progression of activities from concept development through experimentation will greatly aid in the efficient use of Service and joint resources.
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From page 127... ...
On the joint side, concept development is done in the U.S. Joint Forces Command and, more recently, also as part of the Joint Warfighting Capabilities Assessment (JWCA)
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Joint Forces Command's Emerging Modeling and Simulation Infrastructure")
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From page 129... ...
They further pointed out the increased demands that joint experimentation places on their already highly committed forces and personnel, as well as the increased financial commitments that are necessary. Marine Corps representatives in particular noted that the extensive number of meetings occurring as part of the joint concept development and experimentation process was taxing its limited staff resources.
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Joint Forces Command.
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From page 131... ...
was unavailable at the time this report was written. SOURCE: Prepared by the committee on the basis of its reading of the Navy's "QuickLook Report for Fleet Battle Experiment-Juliet," see Commander, Navy Warfare Development Command, 2002, "Naval Message to Commander, Fleet Forces Command, Norfolk, Va., Regarding QuickLook Report for Fleet Battle Experiment-Juliet," NWDC, Newport, R.I.
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From page 132... ...
· The greater use of simulation relative to the use of live forces would allow more experimentation in the future, especially for concepts that apply above the tactical level. For example, the Standing Joint Force Headquarters, one of the main concepts tested in MC 02, could perhaps have been adequately explored with few if any live forces or real platforms.
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From page 133... ...
This raises an important question for the future: Can and should greater concept development and experimentation be conducted jointly at the tactical level? It appears that this will be necessary, given the joint interaction that was witnessed in tactical operations in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan (e.g., Army Special Operations Forces directing fire from Navy and Air Force aircraft)
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From page 134... ...
."23 Thus, while USJFCOM is the executive agent for joint experimentation, such experimentation also takes place in the Combatant Commands beyond those experiments directly organized by USJFCOM. In fact, the issues involved in joint force operations are so important and large in scope that it is only natural that all Combatant Commands should be involved in addressing them through experimentation.
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From page 135... ...
The following quotation gives one Combatant Commander's perspective: Some have contended there must be a bright and shining line between training and experimentation. They say too much experimentation during an exercise on the one hand degrades the training and on the other hand constrains the devel opment of truly revolutionary leaps forward in warfighting concepts.
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From page 136... ...
However, there does not appear to be any coordinated program between the Services and Combatant Commands to conduct experimentation within joint exercises in a systematic way.27 Such coordination would involve the organized execution of the following activities by the Service and Combatant Command staffs: · Determining cases in which participation in such field events is the most effective venue; · Identifying areas of joint operational concepts and tactics (e.g., based on the essential tasks of a joint mission) requiring further development in order to best meet challenges anticipated in the theater;28 · Identifying Service systems under development that are suitable for examination in experiments; · Planning for exercises to most fully accommodate experimentation involving these concepts and tactics and systems, consistent with the other objectives of the exercises; this planning should assume a campaign perspective, since many of the experimental objectives will require the development of a body of knowledge through a series of activities; · Conducting the experimental design, data collection, and data analysis necessary to make the experimentation as rigorous as possible; 27 ADM Dennis C
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From page 137... ...
· Disseminating relevant results of the experimentation (perhaps through USJFCOM) to other Combatant Commands, and considering how in a broader sense the results might influence joint doctrine; and · Feeding the results of the experimentation on developmental systems back into the development process (i.e., to support spiral development)
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From page 138... ...
It appears that the much greater involvement of FBEs in joint experimentation would be a particular opportunity for the Navy to enhance its joint capabilities and to contribute to joint capabilities overall. The FBEs are run under the numbered fleets and, as noted above, those commands provide the most direct vehicle for interacting with the regional Combatant Commands.
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From page 139... ...
While other, substantive interactions between Service centers may exist, none were apparent to the committee in its investigations. Increased interaction could be very valuable -- to provide cross-fertilization in concept development and to begin building joint concepts from the ground up.
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From page 140... ...
While the committee's perspective is primarily that of the Navy and Marine Corps, it is recognized that such participation is a two-way collaboration -- that is, the Navy and Marine Corps work toward joint objectives, and the joint authorities are likewise receptive to the particular ideas that the Navy and Marine Corps bring. The need for naval-specific concept development and experimentation is a key factor affecting naval participation in the joint counterpart, given the limited resources available and the recent strain caused by large-scale joint experimentation.
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