The Role of Experimentation in Building Future Naval Forces (2004) / Chapter Skim
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3 Experimentation--Past, Present, and Future
3 Experimentation--Past, Present, and Future
Pages 48-106
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From page 48... ...
Mahan and Rear Admiral Stephen B Luce, who argued that future naval commanders needed a place where they could develop tactics and doctrine through experimentation.
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From page 49... ...
The motivation to undertake an experimentation campaign related to naval aviation was driven directly by a decision of Admiral of the Fleet George Dewey, who began to push the concept of naval aviation after viewing the use of dirigibles. The admiral is said to have commented, "If you can fly higher than the crow's nest, we will use you."3 To pursue the concept of naval aviation, Captain Washington Chambers was designated by Admiral Dewey as the Navy's lead aviation project officer.
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These annual exercises were the equivalent of the current Navy fleet battle experiments (FBEs)
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From page 51... ...
Since the mid 1990s, the Navy has participated in various ACTDs such as Cruise Missile Defense, Phase 1; Extending the Littoral Battlespace; Link 16; and Coastal Area Protection System, to name a few. It has also applied spiral development, as is illustrated by the recent case study that follows.
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From page 52... ...
Navy. The recognition of the loss of acoustic advantage by the submarine force's senior leadership galvanized a multifaceted response that included the acceleration of the existing sonar acquisition programs.
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The ARCI Program has been executed through a close partnership among NAVSEA, OPNAV, the Program Executive Offices, the Operational Test and Evaluation Force, and the fleet. Experimentation That Changed Operational Capabilities A review of successes in naval aviation and the example of the ARCI Program provide some lessons with respect to successful experimentation.
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From page 54... ...
The President established funding for the first "carrier" experiment, and the Submarine Type Commanders with N76 and N86 support secured funding for sonar improvements. The committee found that these five factors for success were and are applicable to successful experimentation programs in the other military departments.
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One of NWDC's principal responsibilities is to plan and coordinate fleet battle experiments. The CNO established the Maritime Battle Center (MBC)
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Although the results of its efforts are frequently negative, OPTEVFOR routinely supports such operability assessments. Navy organizations involved in planning for and executing Navy experiments in conjunction with NWDC include the following: · Warfare centers of excellence -- for concept development, provision of equipment for experimentation, and evaluation of results; · Numbered fleets and the Type Commands -- working either directly with NWDC or through Fleet Forces Command on experimental needs and the provision of platforms and other fleet assets for experiments.
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) , including the program executive offices and program managers for acquisition programs -- as possible identifiers of experimental needs and as recipients of the results of experiments.
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The FBE process involves many steps. They include the determination of objectives, concept definition, venue identification, selection of initiatives, technology selection, detailed planning, supporting events such as war games, simulations, and then the refinement of experiment planning, detailed preparation, execution, and evaluation.
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ONR, all major SYSCOM organizations, and program executive offices are on the distribution list, as are the N7 and N8, since these organizations have the ultimate responsibility for sponsoring, budgeting for, and developing new capabilities.
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A Recent Example of New Concept Development FBEs have supported the evolution of decision-support concepts and tools intended to increase the speed of command14 and enable the collaboration of command echelon decision makers. The Knowledge-Web (K-Web)
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, planning was demonstrated for Naval Area Air and Missile Defense Fire Support. Collaborative planning Command, USMC Hawk, and the was demonstrated for theater ballistic U.S.
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improved theater collaborative planning represented a situational awareness and execution trade-off between communication through coordination and application delays and bandwidth availability; all of a joint tactical picture; and observed delays appeared to be (3) seamless sharing of a CTP acceptable during FBE-D.
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Common tactical decision aids enhance the update of situational awareness required for NCASW.
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The colocation of the Sea Combat Commander and the Mine Warfare Commander with the Joint Force Maritime Component Commander (JFMCC) was effective.
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Navy assets assigned to theater 2000 Warfare Commander to provide ballistic missile defense missions seamless transition from tactical- produce C2 ambiguity when they report level defense of battle group to to theater commanders for TBMD and theater defense of civilian tactical commanders for other mission population centers. areas.
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The relationships between the Joint Force Air Component Commander and JFMCC and the relationships between the air tasking order and MTO were not examined.
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(b) The value of conducting the 2000 experimentation with joint and allied forces was demonstrated (HMS Cardiff was integrated into the Digital Fires Network via a LAWS terminal)
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The concept of a tiered sensor that uses a tiered sensor system system including live Special including live Special Operations Operations Forces was found to be Forces. sound; execution of this initiative brought to light technical and logistical limitations that, when combined, were quite challenging; expectations for performance, though perhaps unreasonably high, were not met.
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From page 69... ...
The conditions for the transformation transforming network-centric of network-centric warfare to standard warfare to standard naval practice. naval practice were established by the combination of a tactically and technically proficient Joint Task Force and Component staff, the Digital Fires Network, an extended battlespace, and a robust experimental concept of operations.
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From page 70... ...
Rear Admiral Thomas Zelibor, as Commander of Carrier Group Three, found the K-Web to be a "powerful" tool in the conducting of Operation Enduring Freedom, and the entire region came to rely heavily on the products stored in the Carrier Group Three K-Web. Following the return of the carrier group from its deployment, SPAWAR, the Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, the CFFC, as well as Carrier Group One and the Commander, Third Fleet Network-Centric Innovation Center have worked closely to migrate the K-Web tools to SPAWAR programs of record (specifically Global Command and Control Systems-Marine (GCCS-M)
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From page 71... ...
The successful test of NFN in FBE-I and its subsequent introduction into the fleet as an interim prototype on two CVBGs demonstrate that FBEs may become a vehicle for the rapid introduction of new capabilities into the fleet. Future Plans for Fleet Battle Experiments (FBE-Kilo and Beyond)
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Initiatives, derived from concepts, were also kept at a high level. An initiative might be stated in terms such as, "Examine the use of Digital Fires Network on Time Sensitive Targets." Experimental objectives then followed from an initiative description.
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· It is also not clear how feedback and knowledge gained from other events and venues will contribute to the definition of new concepts and experimentation objectives and result in coherent experimentation campaigns. While the importance of campaigns was clearly acknowledged, no example of how the process results in experimentation campaigns was forthcoming.
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From page 74... ...
; time-sensitive strikes; information operations; and ship-to-objective maneuver. · Sea Shield exploits naval control of the seas and forward-deployed defensive capabilities to defeat antiaccess threats, enabling joint forces to project and sustain power.
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The Sea Trial process is fleet-led under the CFFC, and NWDC is designated as the project coordinator for the entire Sea Trial process: NWDC will work closely with the Program Executive Offices, Systems Com mands and designated units to integrate these options into practice, developing and testing the capabilities in fleet battle experiments and joint exercises, cul minating in operational deployments.
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From page 76... ...
The 5-year plan laid out in broad terms a series of advanced warfighting experiments tied directly to the deficiencies noted in the capabilities required to realize the advanced warfighting concepts of the Marine Corps. Methodology The major intellectual factor influencing the early stages of the Marine Corps experimentation program was the Marine Corps Combat Development System (CDS)
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The Sea Dragon campaign was founded on the basic infantry warfighter and the basic warfighting unit -- the Marine rifle squad. The campaign plan was Capstone Expeditionary Maneuver Warfare Enhanced Integrating Organize, Deploy, Concepts and Employ Operational Maneuver Networked Enabling Operational from the Sea Concepts Concept Sustained Operations Ashore Ship-to-Objective Maneuver Sea Other Expeditionary Operations Functional Basing Concepts Intelligence, Logistics, Mine Countermeasures, and Others Combined Arms Integration Core Competencies Forcible Entry from the Sea Expeditionary Forward Operations Sustainable Littoral Power Projection Warfighting Culture and Dynamic Decision Making FIGURE 3.2 The hierarchy and relationship of Marine Corps capstone concepts.
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to determine each unit's enhanced warfighting capabilities. Sea Dragon included three major advanced warfighting experiments: Hunter Warrior (HW)
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2001. Innovation and Experimentation Processes, Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Quantico, Va., November 29.
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I desire it to be operational by 1 October 1995.23 The title of the laboratory, the Commandant's Warfighting Laboratory, left little doubt as to leadership and emphasis. The Commandant provided and articulated his vision for establishing the laboratory and the Marine Corps experimentation program.
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Their participation is linked to the current mechanism for the concept-based requirements system, called the Force Capability Development Phase of the Expeditionary Force Development System (EFDS) .24 All advanced warfighting concepts are briefed for consensus approval to the MROC prior to their final approval.
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The Marine Corps had a major acquisition program to address the problem -- the light strike vehicle (LSV) with an initial operating capability planned for 2007.
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A review of the results of Marine Corps Hunter Warrior, Urban Warrior, and Capable Warrior experimentation campaigns leads to the following conclusions: · Concepts, doctrine, and TTPs resulting from experimentation have transitioned successfully to forces in the field. · Experimentation has resulted in changes in minor equipment items in the field.
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Future Plans and Program for Experimentation The Commandant of the Marine Corps has defined his capstone concept for the Corps in Expeditionary Maneuver Warfare,27 and the Naval Transformation Roadmap, with its ties to the 2001 Quadrennial Defense Review, provides a plan to evolve future warfighting capabilities to maximize advantages that are uniquely naval. For the future, as is the case now, force development and requirements to be determined through experimentation remain the responsibility of the Marine Corps Combat Development Command.
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Joint Integration and Implementation. New joint operational concepts will be assessed through experimentation and assessment activities and will be developed with formal Service Headquarters, Combatant Commanders, Joint Staff, Joint Warfighting Capabilities Assessment (JWCA)
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COMBINED EXPERIMENTATION OF THE NAVY AND MARINE CORPS In the past, the Navy and Marine Corps have aligned their concepts selectively. Several advanced warfighting concepts -- such as the Concept for Future Naval Mine Countermeasures in Littoral Power Projection and the 1998 concept Sea-Based Logistics -- have been developed, signed, and published jointly by the Commander, Navy Warfare Doctrine Command, and the Commanding General, Marine Corps Combat Development Command.
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From page 87... ...
This issue was temporarily resolved when the Marines experimented with various Interim Fast Attack Vehicles through an LTA discussed above. Another example involved addressing battle casualty treatment through telemedicine; the successful experimental objective included a separate LOE of FBE-E and an LOE of AWE Urban Warrior, as well as the awardwinning Multipurpose Health Service Facility or "doc in a box" (winner of a 1998 Popular Science magazine annual competition)
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From 1980 until its dissolution, it remained centered on operational testing but continued to do some combat development-type experimentation. Today combat development experimentation is done under the aegis of the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)
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From page 89... ...
While their primary mission is centered on moving individual acquisition programs through the required processes to achieve full-scale production, program managers are interested in experimentation to the extent that specific systems require or enable new operational concepts or TTPs. These individuals have also provided specific capabilities for experimentation activities, such as for LOEs and AWEs, as prominently illustrated by the Army's experimentation campaign for digitization (discussed below)
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From page 90... ...
It also applied spiral development to field an ambitious brigade-level architecture32 linked to the Central Technical Support Facility at Fort Hood, Texas; used a special oversight management structure; and designated the Fourth Infantry Division as an experimental cadre. In March 1997, the Army conducted a brigade-level AWE, called Task Force XXI, at the National Training Center to evaluate the effects of digitization on lethality and operational tempo.
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must believe in experimentation and drive it; · A risk culture (mistakes will be made) ; · Sustained leadership to manage experimentation campaigns (a minimum of 4 years)
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The OF roadmap, which began in 2000, involves three distinct paths: the Legacy Force, an Interim Force, and the Objective Force. The operational concept for the OF is to employ an unprecedented level of C4ISR, enabling leaders at all levels to exercise initiative within the commander's intent to dictate the time and place of engagements on future battlefields.
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The goal for certification to "go to war" after the completion of operational testing and evaluation is 2003. It is not known exactly how and when the Army plans to use the experimental results to decide upon and then make adjustments and/or improvements to the Stryker for this accelerated acquisition program.
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From page 94... ...
There is yet no Army experimentation campaign plan for this, although there are efforts within TRADOC to develop what might be called an objective force experimentation campaign plan and to ensure that these Army activities are synchronized with the USJFCOM plans for experimentation. Also there is no special senior management structure in place (beyond TRADOC)
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2000. Air Force Experimentation Campaign Plan FY00-05, Department of the Air Force, Langley Air Force Base, Va., p.
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Concepts originate from any of the six Air Force staff task forces, from those involved in working the main elements of the Air force vision, and from various related sources. Experimentation campaigns are documented in an Air Force experimentation campaign plan that is tied directly to the Joint Vision, to the Service Vision, and to the Air Force Transformation Flight Plan.40 There is also a management structure and a well-established process within the USAF to oversee, plan, and execute USAF experimentation and to make the resulting changes in doctrine and procedures.41 This process is well supported by the senior Air Force leadership.
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From page 97... ...
The Air Force experimentation campaign plan is a means of coordinating their activities. Examples of other participants are the exercise and training facilities, such as those at Hurlburt Field, Florida, and Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada; the Air Force Test Agency; and program offices, which sponsor initiatives such as UAVS and unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVs)
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From page 98... ...
Home Air Force Base, Idaho; · The Command and Control Battle Laboratory at Hurlburt Field, Florida; · The Unmanned Air Vehicle Battle Laboratory at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida; · The Space Battle Laboratory at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado; · The Force Protection Battle Laboratory at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas; · The Information Warfare Battle Laboratory at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas; and · The Air Mobility Battle Laboratory at Scott Air Force Base, Missouri. Certain facilities for exercises, training, and testing offer specialized capabilities to support experimentation.
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System C2B Miniaturized GPS Jammer F (Master Air Operations Planner) SB ATO Visualization and Assessment F (Operation Northern Watch)
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2000. Air Force Experimentation Campaign Plan FY00-05, Department of the Air Force, Langley Air Force Base, Va., p.
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From page 101... ...
Examples of Air Force Experimentation The predominant thrust of the Air Force Experimentation Program has centered on concepts and initiatives to achieve an effective expeditionary Air Force. Under the management of the AFEO, a series of experiments (the JEFX-1998/1999/ 2000/2002)
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From page 102... ...
Another example of Air force experimentation is that of a series of air command and control experiments under way with the USAF "Paul Revere" Boeing 707. These experiments are also managed by the AFEO under the Air Combat Command/C2 ISR Center (ACC/C2ISRC)
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2000. Air Force Experimentation Campaign Plan FY00-05, Department of the Air Force, Langley Air Force Base, Va.
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, which seldom occurs, the worthy battle laboratory system initiatives are seldom successful in obtaining POM funding; this makes the decrease in WRAP funding a moot issue. · AFEO initiatives.
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More effort will be spent on time factors and tracking in time-critical targets. The battle laboratories and the Air Force Experimentation Office, using the GSTF facility, plus infrastructure at Hurlburt Field, Nellis and Eglin Air Force Bases, and other places, will continue to work on the associated tactical innovations and experiments and their interfaces to strategic and operational work.
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From page 106... ...
The Air Force has been applying spiral processes for some years, and a macrospiral process will be investigated -- involving spirals that include changes in concepts of operation as well as in TTPs.
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