Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium (2004) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Power-Sector Energy Consumption and Pollution Control in China--XUCHANG XU, CHANGHE CHEN, HAIYIN QI, DINGKAI LI, CHANGFU YOU, and GUANGMING XIANG
Power-Sector Energy Consumption and Pollution Control in China--XUCHANG XU, CHANGHE CHEN, HAIYIN QI, DINGKAI LI, CHANGFU YOU, and GUANGMING XIANG
Pages 217-236
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 217... ...
than the GDP of the United States. Figure 2 shows the average per capita energy consumption for China and for other countries in kilograms coal equivalent [kgce]
|
From page 218... ...
Germany UK France consumption 4,000 (kgce Japan Italy Energy 2,000 Egypt China India Pakistan 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year FIGURE 2 Average energy consumption per capita for different countries (in kilograms coal equivalent [kgce; 1,000 kgce = 1 tce]
|
From page 219... ...
. If current trends continue, the population of China in 2050 could reach 1.6 billion, and average energy consumption per capita could reach 2.15 tce (i.e., one-quarter of energy consumption in the United States in 2000)
|
From page 220... ...
In any case, China must focus on reducing air pollution from coal combustion. Coal is the source of a moderate fraction of the energy consumed in most developed countries.
|
From page 221... ...
In the United States, almost 91 percent of coal consumption is used for electric power generation. The total amount of coal consumed in the United States is less than in China.
|
From page 222... ...
and could reach 65 percent by 2050, it would still be lower than the more than 90 percent in the United States in 1999. Therefore, air pollution from coal consumption in the power sector in China is a relatively manageable problem.
|
From page 223... ...
, but compared with developed countries, it is still high. One way to address this problem is to use supercritical boilers, which are used elsewhere in large coal-fired power plants with thermal efficiencies as high as 41 to 47 percent.
|
From page 224... ...
. 25 20 SO2 15 NOx Mt 10 5 0 1980 80 1985 85 1990 90 1995 95 2000 100 2005 105 Year FIGURE 8 SO2 and NOx emissions (Mt/year)
|
From page 225... ...
POWER-SECTOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND POLLUTION CONTROL IN CHINA 225 pH > 5.6 pH = 5.6 Acid rain area SO2 control area FIGURE 9 Damage from SO2 and NOx emissions. < 5 5 5.6 5.6 7 > 7 FIGURE 10 Map showing pH values of soil in China.
|
From page 226... ...
Although this approach would be environmentally sound, it would require major shifts in social and economic policy. The government would have to close many mines, provide a social safety net for displaced workers, and require power plants to use the more expensive, lowsulfur coal.
|
From page 227... ...
. Current regulations also require that all power plants using coal with medium or high sulfur content install FGD facilities by 2010.
|
From page 228... ...
and high operating costs. If the initial investment could be reduced to 8 percent, the same investment would almost double the electricity capacity of coal-fired power plants with FGD.
|
From page 229... ...
In other words, wet FGD requires only about one-quarter the investment cost required in 1995, a cost many developing countries can afford. The total capacity of coal-fired power plants equipped with wet FGD in China was only 1 GWe at the end of 1995.
|
From page 230... ...
230 95 85 1.1 = Ca/S 25 1.1 Low-Cost FGD At 3.1 ~20 ~6 ~22 ~0.7 Systems ~95 ratio) FGD 1995 1.1 Wet = of before molar Ca/S 70 2.3 Cost FGD At 3.1 ~70 ~22.6 ~60 ~1.9 ~75 2 = calcium-to-sulfur of boilers 7.6 1.6 the Ca/S is Use CFB At 0.4 ~6 ~15 ~6.4 ~1.0 (Ca/S 2010 24 1.2 by Coal Preparation ~20 2 ~22 ~11 ~18 ~0.8 2 2 Costs SO SO yuan yuan and Unit Percentage Mt/year Billion Yuan/kg Billion Yuan/kg Reductions emissions 2 years)
|
From page 231... ...
These levels are on a par with systems in the United States and European Union. Despite the decrease in annual dust emissions from power plants, ambient air
|
From page 232... ...
OPTIMAL ECOLOGY OF COAL ENERGY SYSTEMS By-products of calcium-sorbent desulfurization systems, CaSO4 and CaSO3, as well as fly ash from coal-fired power plants, can be used as additives in cement or for construction materials for highways. Recently, other uses have been found, such as improving alkali soils, red acid soils, and desert soils.
|
From page 233... ...
233 Hohhot, China 0.541 Beijing, China 0.250 1998) Zingbo, China 0.230 March Milan, Italy 0.099 through 1997 Tokyo, Japan 0.088 (December Fresno, USA 0.083 Concentrations 10 Zurich, Switzerland 0.031 PM Average Rochester, UK 0.018 Annual )
|
From page 234... ...
(b) FIGURE 13 Test field of alkali soil in Tumochuan, Inner Mongolia.
|
From page 235... ...
Controlling air pollution, therefore, must be a high priority for China. China needs advanced, low-cost pollution-control techniques for industrial plants, power plants, and the thousands of small boilers scattered throughout the country.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.