Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium (2004) / Chapter Skim
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Public Health Ambient Air Pollution in Shanghai: A Health-Based Assessment--HAIDONG KAN, BINGHENG CHEN, and CHANGHONG CHEN
Public Health Ambient Air Pollution in Shanghai: A Health-Based Assessment--HAIDONG KAN, BINGHENG CHEN, and CHANGHONG CHEN
Pages 281-296
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Public Health
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scenario, implementation of various planned energy scenarios could prevent many premature deaths (from 608 to 5,144 in 2010 and from 1,189 to10,462 in 2020) and could substantially reduce the number of pollution-related diseases.
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Clearly, energy-policy decisions today will have a significant impact on future air pollution levels and public health. In the present study, we estimate the public health impact of ambient air pollution under various energy scenarios in Shanghai, one of the fastest growing urban areas in China, and place monetary values on the estimated health effects.
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The total area of Greater Shanghai, 6341 km2, was divided into 487 grids. Based on matrix output of the ATMOS model, the Shanghai Exposure Level model was developed in Excel to link MARKAL predictions and provide exposure levels for the analysis of health impacts.
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Combining the PM10 level and population in each grid cell, we estimated exposure levels to outdoor air pollution under various scenarios in 2010 and 2020. Estimations of Health Effects To develop estimates of public health impacts of air pollution, we used concentration-response (C-R)
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were computed based on the change in exposure levels to PM10 under each scenario, exposure-response functions, and baseline rates for the health outcomes. The potential health benefits in 2010 and 2020 shown in Table 4 clearly indicate that the choice of energy scenario could have a significant impact on the health of Shanghai residents.
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This study, which is based on the same approaches used internationally for assessments of environmental impacts, shows that an effective energy and environmental policy will be an important factor in reducing air pollution, improving air quality, and promoting public health. The quantification of the impact of air pollution on public health is a critical component in environmental policy decisions.
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. Third, we focused only on health outcomes that could be quantitatively estimated and then translated into monetary values for further assessment.
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290 Public Public Public Public Public of of of of of 1998 Bureau Bureau Bureau Bureau Bureau Health, of 1994 1996 1996 Municipal Municipal Municipal Municipal Municipal al., 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 al., al., Ministry et et et Reference Shanghai Health, China Shanghai Health, Shanghai Health, Shanghai Health, Shanghai Health, Wang Ling Ling person) (per 10 PM to Frequency 0.01077 0.01390 0.01240 0.00850 3.26000 0.30000 0.39000 0.06930 0.05610 Exposure 1995; 1998; for 1993; 1992; 1997; 1998; 1998 1997; 1998 1993; 1998; 1997 al., al., 1998 al., 1995 al., al., al., al., al., et et al., Rate et 2000 al., et et 1995 1995 2000 al., al., al., Hong, et et et et et et et et al., al., al., al., and et et et et Reference Dockery Pope Ma Jin Zmirou Wordley Prescott Wordley Prescott Xu Xu Jin Roemer Segala Gielen Dusseldorp Hiltermann Neukirch Baseline and CI)
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This is probably because of differences in levels of air pollution, local population sensitivity, age distribution, and especially air pollutant components. For instance, the composition of the motor vehicle fleet in Western Europe and the United States, where most of the epidemiological studies were performed, and the motor vehicle fleet in China differs substantially.
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WTP Chronic bronchitis 6,050 (80720,130) WTP Respiratory hospital admissions 710a COI Cardiovascular hospital admissions 1,043a COI Outpatient visits (internal medicine)
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Integrated Environmental Strategies Program (IES) , China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development, China State Environmental Protection Bureau, China Ministry of Health, and Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau.
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2010 EFF NG SO2 NOx CO2 Premature death 104.0 469.0 524.0 729.2 873.2 Chronic bronchitis 7.5 34.0 36.9 52.4 60.7 Respiratory hospital 0.4 1.8 2.0 2.9 3.5 admissions Cardiovascular hospital 0.4 1.8 2.1 2.9 3.5 admissions Outpatient visits (internal medicine) 0.6 2.6 2.9 4.1 4.9 Outpatient visits (pediatrics)
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1993. Effects of ambient winter air pollution on respira tory health of children with chronic respiratory symptoms.
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1997. Short term variations in hospital admissions and mortality and particulate air pollution.
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