Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium (2004) / Chapter Skim
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Clean Air and the Electrification of Urban Transportation--LUGUANG YAN and XUHUI WEN
Clean Air and the Electrification of Urban Transportation--LUGUANG YAN and XUHUI WEN
Pages 29-46
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From page 29... ...
By 2030, urban residents are expected to number about 5 billion people, or 60 percent of the total world population (UN-Habitat, 2001)
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DEVELOPMENT TRENDS The trends in urbanization in China in the twenty-first century are summarized below: · The development of metropolises and megalopolises will continue. · Regional city agglomerations will develop rapidly, driven by multiple central cities.
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From page 31... ...
As of June 1963, China had lost 26 million urban residents. 1966 to Stagnation During the 10 years 193 170 million, 1978 of the Cultural (1978)
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POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES The Challenge of Urban Traffic China is a developing country with a rapidly growing economy and rapid urbanization that is constantly expanding city limits and dramatically increasing urban populations. Urban residents are spending more and more time in transit and traveling longer and longer distances.
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According to a recent survey on traffic, bicycles seriously interfere with the flow of vehicle traffic because they move slowly, occupy roads for a fairly long time, and prevent vehicles from speeding up quickly. Mixed traffic, particularly a mix of cars and bicycles, is a distinct feature of urban traffic conditions in China.
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Figure 2 shows the change in China's oilimport status from 1995 to 2002. Because domestic oil production is increasing slowly and the demand for oil is increasing rapidly, China's importation of oil can be expected to increase rapidly for the next 10 years.
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People exposed to small amounts feel dizzy and have headaches; people exposed to larger amounts can suffer permanent damage to brain cells. Oxides of nitrogen and hydrogen peroxide cause stimulus responses in susceptible people who suffer from ophthalmic diseases and laryngitis.
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Electric Rail Systems The most direct method of relieving urban traffic jams is to increase overall road capacity. However, metropolises generally do not have much space for new roads, so the traditional practice of new road construction to accommodate increasing numbers of vehicles is very ineffective.
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Because electric buses cause no local air pollution and very little noise pollution and require low per-passenger energy consumption, they should become a major mode of urban transportation. At present, electric vehicles are included in the "863" program of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the main objectives of which are "industrialization of pure electric-driven vehicles, production in small batches of vehicles with mixed powers, and production of sample vehicles with fuel cells." Therefore, as electric bus technologies develop, electric cars will naturally eventually be used as well.
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The results laid a solid foundation for the development of electric vehicles in China. For example, Dongfeng Automobile, together with the Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, developed a concept electric sedan in 2000 (Figure 3)
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TABLE 4 Data for the Battery-Powered Concept Sedan and the Lightweight, Fuel-Cell-Powered Bus Maximum Maximum Acceleration Speed Climbing Time Battery-powered conceptual 114 km/h 20% 9.58 sec (050 km/h) sedan Lightweight, fuel-cell 60.6 km/h 18% 24 sec (040 km/h)
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In five years, the country will have invested 880 million yuan in the development of electric vehicles and related technologies. Under the program, China will promote electric vehicle integration technologies, with a focus on batteries and fuel-cell engines, transmissions, and multi-energy source control for hybrid vehicles.
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China will have the ability to produce small batches of hybrid electric vehicles and fuel-cell electric vehicle prototypes in 2005. However, electric vehicle industrialization and further commercialization will require government policy and legislative support.
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operation; and (5) gradually increase maglev trains in high-speed passenger transport networks.
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. Construction of the Shanghai maglev line has accomplished several goals: · It proved that a high-speed maglev train can run at a speed of more 400 km/h safely and reliably and that the technologies are mature enough for practical operation.
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In addition, the construction of the Shanghai line demonstrated that the highspeed maglev train and the high-speed wheel-track train are both feasible candidates for the Beijing-Shanghai railway line. The next important task in the development of the high-speed maglev train is to persuade the government to use the maglev system for the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed line, for the following reasons: · The high-speed maglev system is designed primarily for long-distance, intermetropolis, high-speed passenger transportation with heavy passen ger volume.
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From page 45... ...
. Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy 21(4)
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