Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium (2004) / Chapter Skim
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Energy and Environmental Impacts of Chinese Rural Vehicles--DANIEL SPERLING and ZHENHONG LIN
Energy and Environmental Impacts of Chinese Rural Vehicles--DANIEL SPERLING and ZHENHONG LIN
Pages 95-106
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From page 95... ...
is having profound effects on the industry, with uncertain implications for the sale and globalization of rural vehicle technology. In 1994, the Chinese government designated the automotive industry a "pillar" of economic development.
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HISTORY OF CHINESE RURAL VEHICLES The CRV industry arose as a result of early efforts by the Communist government to boost rural development. The small enterprises that emerged and flourished were largely independent of national and provincial governments.
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Powered by diesel engines, they are smaller and slower than conventional cars and trucks, and they use technology developed in China. Officially, the Chinese government treats the CRV industry as part of the farm machinery industry, rather than the automotive industry (defined by an official government standard, Technical Requirements on Safety for CRVs (GB18320-2001)
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. About 80 percent of the 22 million CRVs are powered by single-cylinder diesel engines originally designed for stationary agricultural machinery (China Agricultural Resources FIGURE 2 Typical 3-w CRV.
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Diesel engines are also easier to maintain and can operate satisfactorily on poor quality fuels. With minimal mechanical skills, a farmer can repair a faulty injection pump, the principal source of diesel engine problems.
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TABLE 1 Diesel Fuel Consumption in China (in millions of metric tons, MMT) User 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Highway transportation 8.21 8.95 10.09 13.64 16.86 Light vehicle 1.16 1.57 2.02 1.93 1.83 Medium vehicle 5.55 5.60 5.95 8.18 10.10 Heavy vehicle 1.50 1.78 2.12 3.53 4.93 CRV 9.28 10.74 13.25 13.19 14.43 Railway 4.50 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 Marine 3.50 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 Agriculture 12.00 12.40 13.70 15.00 16.00 Fishing 5.70 6.00 6.10 6.30 6.50 Electricity 4.50 5.00 4.50 4.10 3.80 Others 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 Total 50.19 53.79 58.74 63.73 69.49 Source: Yang, 2001.
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. Based on these assumptions, we estimate that the contribution of CRVs to air pollution in China is equivalent to that of all other motor vehicles combined.
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, a principal pollutant from diesel engines, is a major source of ozone; and small airborne particles, also from diesel engines, are a major source of aerosols, which can absorb sunlight and contribute to regional haze. The Chinese government is beginning to pursue more aggressive policies to reduce emissions from motor vehicles.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Hanming Huang, an analyst at the Chinese Economic Information Network, and emeritus Professor Zheng Liu of Tsinghua University for providing us with valuable data and information. Professor Scott Rozelle of the University of California, Davis, provided valuable early assistance, and Feng An, Dennis Scheutzle, and Michael Quanlu Wang provided helpful suggestions.
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2003a. Notification about the Approval by PRC State Council on the Proposal of Abolishing Allowance Policy for Rural Diesel Consumption.
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2003. Yanmar Agrees to Establish a Joint Venture with Shandong Shifeng Group, China's Largest Farm Vehicle Manufacturer.
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