Navy's Needs in Space for Providing Future Capabilities (2005) / Chapter Skim
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D Space Communications Systems and Capabilities
D Space Communications Systems and Capabilities
Pages 200-218
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From page 200... ...
Military space communications can be categorized in four areas on the basis of communications systems requirements: wideband services, narrowband services, assured secure communications services, and commercial communications services. Figure D.1 provides a notional mapping onto user classes of the newer DOD satellite systems, circa 1999, when the new satellite systems were being defined.
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WIDEBAND SERVICES Wideband services currently are allocated into channelized communications channels provided by both commercial and DOD satellites. Current wideband services are provided by the Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS)
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From page 202... ...
and laser communications linking air and space data between theater and continental United States users, a user terminal segment providing laser and RF user terminal development and production in concert with the space segment, and a terrestrial segment providing network control and interface services into the Global Information Grid (GIG)
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From page 203... ...
The contract award was made in January 2001, and at the time of this writing, initial operational capability is planned for April 2006 and full operational capability for February 2007.2 These new satellites will transmit an aggregate of several gigabits of data per second -- up to 10 times the data flow of the satellites that the WGS will replace -- though, as shown below, the objective maximum rate for the Navy's new WGS terminal supports, at most, 40 Mb/s for even the most advantaged Navy platforms. The WGS constellation will supplement the two-way military X-band (7 to 8 GHz)
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From page 204... ...
Navy Wideband Gapfiller Satellite Terminals Within the Navy, the Super High Frequency (SHF) /Commercial Satellite Communications Division is responsible for procuring, fielding, and sustaining satellite communications (SATCOM)
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constellation, airborne laser communications terminals, and a new DOD network management architecture. The TC implementation plan calls for a total of up to eight geosynchronous TC spacecraft and APS satellites connected by laser crosslinks.
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Each satellite will also perform onboard packet routing. Terminals for Transformational Communications The Navy and Marine Corps will need to develop new terminals to take proper advantage of TC.
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This role includes recent Navy leadership of the Transformational Communications Architecture (TCA) office.
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This participation is not only the most effective way to influence implementation of Navy bandwidth needs, but it would also protect against the possibility that essential naval capabilities could be obscured or modified in the requirements versus cost trade-offs occurring during the course of program development. To this end, there is concern that the Navy and Marine Corps have not developed an overall support strategy for TCA and other key space communications acquisitions.
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From page 209... ...
2 2 2 6 LCS 4 4 4 1 13 Total SCN Funded 4 6 9 8 5 32 APN Funded FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 Total E-6 Aircraft 5 5 5 5 20 UAV 2 7 10 12 11 9 51 UCAV 8 8 16 Total APN Funded 0 2 12 15 17 24 17 87 NOTES: OPN, other procurement, Navy; AGF, miscellaneous command ship; CG, guided missile cruiser; CV, aircraft carrier; CVN, nuclear-powered aircraft carrier; CVNX, future aircraft carrier; DDG, guided missile destroyer; LCC, amphibious command ship; LHA, amphibious assault ship (general purpose) ; LHD, amphibious assault ship (multipurpose)
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From page 210... ...
This continues the 30-year history of naval leadership in narrowband space communications.5 5For a review of U.S. Navy involvement in narrowband communications, see Jerry Ingerski, SPAWAR, PMW 146, and Alfred Sapp, Naval Network Warfare Command, 2002, "Mobile Tactical Communications, The Role of UHF Satellite Constellation, and Its Successor, the Mobile User Objective System," paper and brief presented at the 2002 Military Communications Conference, Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association (AFCEA)
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From page 211... ...
They operate in the general range of 290-320 MHz Uplink, and 240-270 MHz Downlink. These frequencies are well suited for low-cost, low power, portable radios that reliably penetrate severe environments and offer assured access and netted com munication.6 6CAPT James Loiselle, USN, Robert Tarleton, and Jerry Ingerski, Communications Satellite Program Office, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, San Diego, California.
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From page 212... ...
For the purposes of MUOS, narrowband is defined to be 64 kb/s or less of raw channel capacity to a user 7Information in this section is derived from the MUOS Draft Solicitation, dated September 10, 2003; Robert Tarleton, Deputy Program Manager, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, 2003, "Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) Brief to the Naval Studies Board," presented on November 14, 2003; and CAPT James Loiselle, USN, Robert Tarleton, and Jerry Ingerski, Communications Satellite Program Office, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, San Diego, California, 1998, "The Next Generation Mobile User Objective System (MUOS)
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ASSURED SECURE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES Assured communications capability (supplied by the MILSTAR and AEHF satellites) is the most recently developed of the families of military communications available from space.
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From page 214... ...
MILSTAR With the launch of the last MILSTAR II communications satellite in the spring of 2003, the Air Force completed implementing the MILSTAR constellation of five satellites. The early MILSTAR satellites provided assured communications link capacities of a few tens of kb/s, and MILSTAR II provides an upgraded capacity of up to 1 Mb/s.
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From page 215... ...
program now in development will provide a series of advanced, protected communications satellites that will augment and eventually replace the current MILSTAR system as it reaches its design lifetime.9 The overall objective of the AEHF program is to develop and field a constellation of four geosynchronous AEHF satellites to provide worldwide secure, survivable, protected communications that are backward-compatible with MILSTAR but that significantly advance the capacity and capabilities for assured protected worldwide communications. The AEHF system will improve ease of operations, facilitate satellite control and monitoring, and effectively interface with evolving terminal designs.
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From page 216... ...
COMMERCIAL SATELLITE SERVICES In addition to DOD-dedicated space communications assets, the Navy routinely augments bandwidth by acquiring large amounts of communications services, including Intelsat, Inmarsat, Iridium, and the Defense Satellite Transmission Service (DSTS)
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From page 217... ...
This new networking approach offers enormous promise for robust, highcapacity communications for naval forces. In particular, space communications can play a greatly increased role in such hybrid systems because they do not need to provide a complete solution -- the inherent weaknesses of satellite communications (e.g., high latency, weather issues with optical links, and so on)
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From page 218... ...
In this approach, only the large-deck ships require their own large satellite aperture; smaller platforms then achieve high-bandwidth communications with the relatively small, nonstabilized antennas used by wireless ad hoc networks. In summary, it would be a great mistake to analyze or acquire space communications capability in isolation from other naval communications capabilities.
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