Navy's Needs in Space for Providing Future Capabilities (2005) / Chapter Skim
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2 Strategic Framework: Future Operational Concepts and Space Needs
2 Strategic Framework: Future Operational Concepts and Space Needs
Pages 29-61
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2002. Report of the Panel to Review Naval Space: Assured Space Capabilities for Critical Mission Support, Center for Naval Analyses, Alexandria, Va., March 19.
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The other major part of the framework employed by the committee is the combined Navy and Marine Corps vision as expressed in the Naval Operating Concept for Joint Operations.4 The NOC, as it is known, was drafted to expand on the preceding naval vision, Naval Power 21,5 and thus to strengthen Naval Power 21's integration of the Naval Services' capstone concepts Sea Power 216 and Marine Corps Strategy 21.7 All of these documents build 3President George W
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or North Atlantic Treaty Organization sea-based lines of supply, massed cruise missile attacks on U.S. surface forces, and ballistic missile (nuclear)
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is discussed briefly in the subsections below, with reference to how capabilities derived from the space mission areas can be used to enhance naval operations. Information Most of the missions described below rely on space assets to provide information -- and more importantly, access to information -- to enable those carrying out the missions to act more responsibly and quickly in the face of continually changing threats and conditions.
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Such capabilities are variously called, or subsumed under the titles of, offensive information operations, space control, or electronic countermeasures. It is clear that in the future, U.S.
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Nevertheless, it is clear that space assets will be of growing importance in this new mission, for purposes including the persistent surveillance and identification of surface vessels and the provision of reliable communications.
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to naval forces today include the following: · Precision-guided, low radar cross-section (RCS) cruise missiles; · Space-based ISR assets; · Information operations; · Chemical and biological warheads; · Sweep-resistant sea mines; · Wireless-detonated land mines; · Ballistic missiles; and · Nuclear weapons.
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Noncombat Missions In noncombat operations -- for example, blockade and sanction enforcement, noncombat evacuation, antimigration or migration support, resource (shipping) protection, refugee support, and disaster recovery operations -- naval forces may be directed to protect the transfer of assets, people, and materials or to secure the land areas and shipping routes necessary to ensure operational success.
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radar for cruise missile defense; low-latency decision making to support timely ballistic missile defense; environmental support; and bomb damage assessment.
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In particular, the NOC clarifies how the Navy's capstone concept of Sea Power 21 (containing Sea Strike, envisioned to project offensive power; Sea Shield, envisioned to project defensive assurance; Sea Basing, envisioned to project operational independence; and FORCEnet, envisioned as the enabling concept for integrating warriors, sensors, weapons, networks, and platforms from seabed to space) contains and integrates components of the Marine Corps capstone concepts, Expeditionary Maneuver Warfare (EMW)
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It is based on our sustained forward presence, and on our abilities to dominate the seas and to provide distributed and networked intelligence to enhance homeland defense, as sure access to contested littorals, and project defensive power deep inland. · Sea Basing serves as the foundation from which offensive and defensive power are projected, making Sea Strike and Sea Shield realities.
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Space communications have also had an increasingly important role in recent conflicts in support of forced entry and other rapid, mobile ground force operations, particularly in support of Special Operations Forces and Marine Corps operations both in littorals and deep inland. Table 2.2 summarizes the capabilities derived from the six NSS space mission areas (ISR; METOC)
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radar; · Ground observers; and · Airborne observers and controllers. The capability of the Navy to support Marine Corps forced entry through the littorals is, and will continue to be, a major component of Sea Strike.
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GPS-timing enables communications coordination. Space Control Information operations Ensure access to national space assets and via space links enabled.
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first strike against space assets. Time-sensitive strike operations have significant dependency on high-availability, high-assurance, low-probability-of-intercept (LPI)
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Sea Shield Sea Shield is the overarching concept describing how 21st-century naval forces will project defense over water and over land to protect and enable sus 13Marine Corps Combat Development Command.
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Sea Shield also requires that naval forces establish and maintain air control against hostile aircraft and be capable of mounting a successful defense against cruise and ballistic missile attack, both in naval operating areas and as far inland as practicable. Thus, based on the Sea Shield vision, the Navy has identified, in these four capability areas, 13 specific capabilities that contribute critical naval needs for enabling future defensive operations (see Table 2.3)
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Space-based communications will be an essential link in establishing this extended capability. Today, most operations rely largely on theater assets to provide the necessary ISR information to effectively support Sea Shield operations.
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Linking of multiple satellites with a view of the warfare theater could then permit precision geolocation, detection, and tracking of theater ballistic missiles by SBIRS-H or current Defense Satellite Program satellites. Sea Basing Sea Basing provides the operational platform capability from which the Navy will participate in the planning and coordination of operations using FORCEnet and from which it will provide offensive strike (i.e., Sea Strike)
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2003. "Sea Power 21 Part IV; Sea Basing: Operational Independence for a New Century," U.S.
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overhead exo- and endo indication. atmospheric cruise and Cruise missile detection/ ballistic missile sensing cueing.
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The Sea Basing concept presents a major resource management challenge: complex air and surface logistics must be managed, threats to personnel and supplies in transit between the sea base and the engaged ground combat forces must be countered or avoided, resupply of the sea base from commercial shipping must be provided for, and containerized loads must be identified and located. To structure these needs, the Sea Basing concept is built around 13 specific capabilities in the following areas: deploy and employ, provide integrated joint logistics, and pre-position joint assets afloat (as listed in Table 2.5)
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Although the total FORCEnet architecture has not been established, its desirable attributes and capabilities are generally understood and accepted by the Naval Services. FORCEnet focuses on the gathering, processing, transportation, and presentation of information in support of the entire scope of the Sea Power 21 vision, serving as an integrator and enabler for the three pillars Sea Strike, Sea Shield, and Sea Basing.
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Overland cruise missile defense mission Standard Missile (SM) -2 guidance at beyond- needs airborne moving target indication.
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· Seamless and timely dissemination of newly derived ISR information to engaged forces; · Support of a common operational picture that provides both forward and rear command echelons with common, accurate situational awareness; · Blue force tracking (the ability to continually identify, locate, and track friendly forces) ; and · Self-synchronized logistic support of engaged units in response to the automatic tracking of weapons, food and fuel, platforms, and personnel.
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From page 54... ...
As discussed in the preceding subsections on Sea Strike and Sea Shield, most strike and defensive actions will use information from multiple ISR sources to engage targets and threats, with a goal of having the actual source of any individual information element transparent to the warfighter. As the mission of the Navy grows in the 21st century and as the theater of importance expands to global dimensions, the importance of ISR information derived from NSS assets will necessarily grow.
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This is a major shortcoming that needs to be addressed so that the Navy can define and defend its requirements to the executive agents, plan and allocate resources, and articulate S&T needs. The Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA)
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Theater and Ballistic Missile Defense (TBMD) Defend against missile threats.
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Overland cruise missile defense mission needs airborne moving target indication. ISR information must be communicated.
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Based on the threats described above and on the ensuing Navy organization around the four Sea Power 21 components, the committee provides, in Figure 2.1, a summary assessment of Sea Power 21 capabilities mapped against the NSS space mission areas. While every one of the Sea Power 21 pillars has multiple critical dependencies on space assets, the overwhelming reliance of FORCEnet on space-based capabilities reinforces the need for sustained and effective Department of the Navy participation in the NSS community.
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A "contributory" dependency reflects a space mission area that will provide support for accomplishing the particular Sea Power 21 capability. the establishment of the DOD Executive Agent for Space.
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The DOD, on the other hand, has made several recent changes in its approach to the support and development of space mission areas. One such change was the promulgation in 1999 of a DOD space policy, which states, "The primary DOD goal for space and space-related activities is to provide operational space force capabilities to ensure that the United States has the space power to achieve its national security objectives."23 More importantly, in 2003 the Secretary of Defense promulgated DOD Directive 5101.2,24 reorganizing the oversight of NSS mission areas through the creation of a single oversight director -- the DOD Executive Agent for Space, who is also the Under Secretary of the Air Force and director of the National Reconnaissance Office.
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The Secretary of the Navy should task the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps to formulate and take steps to establish a new Department of the Navy space policy. This space policy should provide a framework for Department of the Navy participation in the planning, programming, and acquisition activities of the Department of Defense Executive Agent for Space, to include definition of the Navy Department's relationship to National Security Space activities.
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