Navy's Needs in Space for Providing Future Capabilities (2005) / Chapter Skim
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3 Roles and Responsibilities: Meeting Naval Space Needs
3 Roles and Responsibilities: Meeting Naval Space Needs
Pages 62-81
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From page 62... ...
As discussed in Chapter 2, these requirements are generally driven by the mobility of naval forces across broad ocean areas, by their need for accurate marine environmental data, by the nature of littoral military operations, and by the limited antenna configurations suitable for shipboard use.1 Initially the Navy attempted to meet many of its unique requirements for space support with Navy-funded space programs. For instance, Transit -- the first satellite-based navigation system -- was developed and fielded by the Navy (in conjunction with Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory)
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From page 63... ...
communications satellite programs that support not only fleet operations, but many of the needs of other military forces for tactical communications.3 Outside the DOD, the Navy has been a partner with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in most of the environmental satellite programs that are important to naval operations, and it has acted aggressively to field experimental meteorology and oceanography (METOC)
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From page 64... ...
THE DOD EXECUTIVE AGENT FOR SPACE AND NEW MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE As discussed above, until recently, the role of each of the military Services in support of space programs has been decided case by case, rather than in consonance with all the Services. In response to this situation, in 2001 the Report of the Commission to Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization recommended that all DOD space activities be assigned to the Secretary of the Air Force as DOD Executive Agent for Space.4 The intention of this reorganization was to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the U.S.
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From page 65... ...
In the absence of a new, formal delegation of responsibility by the Secretary of the Navy, the committee presumes that this delegation remains in effect and finds it to be appropriate, given the need to closely coordinate Navy and Marine Corps activities regarding space programs. However, the committee does note that since the establishment of the DOD Executive Agent for Space, the position of Under Secretary of the Navy has remained vacant.
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From page 66... ...
This list of responsibilities forms a useful framework for assessing the degree to which the Navy appears to be responding to the current DOD guidance in the area of space activities, which in turn provides some insight into the areas where more naval attention may be needed. While the committee did not evaluate in detail the quality of the Navy's work in each of the 16 areas listed in Table 3.2, the table does include the committee's 7One positive step toward coordinating Navy space activities was reported in mid-April 2004; the article indicates that the Navy will create a Program Executive Office for Space: Amy Butler.
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From page 67... ...
6.3.3 Submit space needs and requirements to DOD Executive Agent for Red Space for integration into space plans and major space program requirements documents as well as associated acquisition programs prior to submitting requirements to the Joint Requirements Oversight Council. Where possible, resolve issues with DOD Executive Agent for Space.
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From page 68... ...
6.3.7 Continue to develop, acquire, and fund space research, development, Red and acquisition programs that meet Department of the Navy requirements and submit such program information to DOD Executive Agent for Space. 6.3.8 Advise DOD Executive Agent for Space on Program Objective Yellow Memorandums that significantly change any program subject to review during the program assessment for space, before submission to the Office of the Secretary of Defense.
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From page 69... ...
This new level of space-related activity appears to be resulting in the Marine Corps's becoming recognized as a stakeholder in space matters; it is also perceived that the Marine Corps is moving toward integrating space systems development into the development of its operational capabilities. NAVY SPACE SUPPORT The Navy's needs in space can be satisfied by focusing on the support elements: requirements, acquisition, science and technology, experimentation, and personnel.
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From page 70... ...
, with support from the Naval Network and Space Operations Command. NETWARCOM then passes these priorities to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, via the Commander, Fleet Forces Command, for further prioritization and development.
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From page 71... ...
and TCA. It is of particular concern that many of the DOD space programs on which naval forces will depend in the future are critical to the effectiveness of such forces, and these programs are so technically complex-with myriad potential internal cost and performance trade-offs -- that a hands-off approach which defers excessively to the judgment of the DOD Executive Agent for Space risks the fielding of systems that will be inadequately responsive to the Navy's needs.
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From page 72... ...
Unless the Navy remains an active participant during the cost management stage of such programs, important naval needs may well go unmet. For example, in the SBR program -- a major new effort being established under the DOD Executive Agent for Space charter -- the committee's perception is that important maritime needs have to date been neglected or not properly prioritized.11 This lack of attention to naval space needs derives, in part, from the lack of up-front cost-benefit analysis of the utility of the SBR concept to Navy needs, the lack of naval funding contributions, the lack of a robust naval presence in the SBR program office, and the related lack of management attention by senior naval leadership.
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From page 73... ...
It appears that the Navy is reluctant at present to adequately fund either internal naval space activities, such as a Navy space science and technology base, or elements of DOD space programs that are not directly managed by the Navy but that could be important to naval operations. Current responsibilities consistent with the DOD Executive Agent for Space structure require the Navy to program and budget not only for those space programs for which the Navy has been assigned the lead (for example, the MUOS program)
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From page 74... ...
The first includes the basic and broad S&T development underlying most space programs. The Navy needs to maintain a vigorous basic research program so that it will continue to ensure its ability to participate in, and benefit from, the full range of space mission areas and activities.
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From page 75... ...
An overall concern exists that the Navy's support for space S&T has atrophied in recent years, thereby jeopardizing the Navy's ability to meet its future responsibilities. Indications of this problem include the lack of ONR program support to NCST referred to above, the lack of Navy support for innovative space mission concepts such as TacSat, the recent cancellation of the NEMO and GIFTS satellites, and the successful launch of Coriolis-WindSat.
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From page 76... ...
In that area, in contrast to Navy space programs, well-funded ongoing acquisition programs enable transition-related S&T funds and also provide a direct source of technology development funding. This situation may have led, in FY03, to ONR's supporting $10.7 million in basic research funds (6.1)
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From page 77... ...
should maintain a critical level of space mission area funding aimed at supporting current maritime needs as well as at providing broad support to base-level technologies with the potential to support National Security Space programs, such as the Transformational Communications Architecture and Space Based Radar programs. Specifically, the CNR should continue or increase current levels of basic research (6.1)
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From page 78... ...
, and for issues related to space and network-centric operations it is also guided by the Naval Network Warfare Command.19 The Sea Trial plan, while involving space systems, does not include support to produce and launch new experimental space capabilities; rather, it focuses on the exploitation of existing or planned systems or on the use of airborne surrogates for potential space technologies. Another new driver in terms of the use of experimentation is the ever more rapid advancement of technology.
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From page 79... ...
Recommendation 3.4. As part of the Sea Trial experimentation process, the Commander, Fleet Forces Command, should formalize the roles between the Naval Network Warfare Command and the Navy Warfare Development Command pertaining to maritime and joint forces experimentation in space and spacerelated areas so as to fully exploit and complement the Joint Forces Command experimentation process and to explore the best uses of future space-based intelligence capabilities.
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From page 80... ...
Although the Navy space cadre will represent only a small percentage of the total number of DOD space personnel (who are primarily Air Force personnel) , experienced and motivated naval personnel, aggressive management, and targeted assignments across all space mission areas can provide considerable leverage in the effort to satisfy Navy needs in space.
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From page 81... ...
These developments represent the Marine Corps establishment of a space cadre and its growing efforts to influence NSS programs that can meet Marine Corps needs. The process of implementing the new directive establishing the DOD Executive Agent for Space structure has identified both opportunities and issues relative to the future direction of the NPS space curricula.
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