Nutrient Composition of Rations for Short-Term, High-Intensity Combat Operations (2006) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 15-29
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From page 15... ...
THE COMMITTEE'S TASK The Department of Defense, through the US Army Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) , asked the Institute of Medicine to appoint an ad hoc committee to conduct a study to determine the optimal nutrient content of a new combat ration.
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From page 16... ...
The ration is targeted for use by male soldiers who have an average body weight of 80 kg, approximately 16 percent body fat, are relatively fit, are within an age range of 1845 years (average < 25 years) , and who have no chronic metabolic disease but may be vulnerable to some common food allergies.
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From page 17... ...
Appendix B includes the workshop presentations organized by topic: an introduction to information about combat rations; the role of carbohydrate, protein, and fat as fuel sources in performance and health enhancement or maintenance; the effects of micronutrients in performance and health enhancement or maintenance; approaches to improve the immune function and immune responses; prevention of kidney stones and of
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From page 18... ...
under a variety of scenarios and climatic conditions is approximately 2,400 kcal/day, even though energy expenditures of soldiers in combat units range from about 4,0007,131 kcal/day depending on the level of physical activity and environment. Interestingly, these reports note that measured energy deficits for soldiers, whether they are in training school or in combat, were significant (Tharion et al., 2005)
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From page 19... ...
During the Ranger I and II studies (Moore et al., 1992; Shippee et al., 1994) soldiers completed an eight-week US Army Ranger training program under hypocaloric states and data on body composition, physical performance, cellular immune function, and medical problems were collected.
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From page 20... ...
Protein loss is one of the main consequences of combat operations and minimizing the protein loss might well be one strategy to maintain military performance. It has been suggested that this could be accomplished by a soldier storing an appropriate amount of body fat to be used during the mission, preventing severe body fat depletion, maintaining some level of physical activity, and increasing protein intake (see Hoffer, 2004 in Appendix B)
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From page 21... ...
Effects of Weight Loss and Energy Intake Studies with prolonged operations lasting several weeks and associated with substantial losses of lean body mass (Moore et al., 1992; Shippee et al., 1994) have shown reductions in physical performance.
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From page 22... ...
, especially with the technological advances that have enhanced night-fighting capabilities. A recent CMNR report reviewed the consequences of sleep deprivation on military personnel (IOM, 2004b)
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From page 23... ...
Although under SUSOPS this is not the usual sleep interval, decreases in cognitive function may still be expected given that assault operations providing little time to sleep can last up to a month. Over the past several years, the problem of sleep loss and fatigue has escalated due to the increased requirements on military forces caused by reductions in manpower and other resources (IOM, 2004b)
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From page 24... ...
The Military Dietary Reference Intakes (MDRIs) are quantitative reference values for nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for the healthy military population.
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Zinc (mg) 11 15 15 8 NOTE: AI = adequate intake; AMDR = acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges; DFE = dietary folate equivalents; NE = niacin equivalents; NS = not specified; PUFA = polyunsaturated fatty acids; RAE = retinol activity equivalents; RE = retinol equivalents; RDA = recommended dietary allowance.
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From page 26... ...
Subjects increased energy intake as intended but changes in protein intake were marginal with the test ration. For both rations, underconsumption resulted in most subjects not meeting the military recommended intakes for a number of nutrients.
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1994. The effects of sleep deprivation on performance during continuous combat operations.
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From page 28... ...
1994. Physical performance and metabolic changes induced by combined prolonged exercise and different energy intakes in humans.
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From page 29... ...
1983. Effect of Repeated Strenuous Exercise Under Low Energy Intake on Physical Performance.
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