Animal Health at the Crossroads Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases (2005) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 16-29
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 16... ...
. The Committee's Approach to Its Task As the product of the first stage of the initiative, this report provides a general overview of the structure of the animal health framework; identifies opportunities and barriers to the prevention, detection, and diagnosis of animal diseases; and, recommends courses of action for first-line responders and other participants in the framework, including the potential to apply new scientific knowledge and tools to address disease threats.
|
From page 17... ...
. For the first phase of the study, the committee will examine challenges in prevention, detection, and diagnosis presented by at least two specific animal diseases such as rinderpest; foot-and-mouth disease; West Nile vi rus; avian influenza; Newcastle disease; spongiform encephalopathies (scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease [CWD]
|
From page 18... ...
Domestic and foreign approaches to prevention, detection, and diagnosis will be examined. For this initial phase of the review, recom mendations will be provided on how to improve the nation's ability to address animal diseases by reducing potential for intentional or accidental introduction, enhancing diagnostic techniques and their use, and improv ing detection capabilities.
|
From page 19... ...
For example, this phase of the study did not attempt an in-depth review of the effectiveness of each individual component of the framework or of any specific agency involved in safeguarding animal health but did examine the effectiveness of the framework as a whole in relation to different animal disease scenarios and, in doing so, sought to identify ways that the framework could be improved. Early in its deliberations, the committee found that the topics of the first phase -- prevention, detection, and diagnosis -- are intimately intertwined with surveillance, monitoring, and response/recovery issues and that they are impossible to deal with in isolation.
|
From page 20... ...
Throughout this report, these individuals are identified as those on the front lines of detection, as described in Box 1-3. BOX 1-3 General Terminology Used in This Report Animal Health Framework: The collection of organizations and partici pants in the public and private sectors directly responsible for maintaining the health of all animals impacted by animal disease or that influence its determinants.
|
From page 21... ...
Therefore, we have purposely elected to use both terms in the text of this report; Box 1-3 includes specific definitions of each of them. BACKGROUND Traditional Approaches for Preventing and Controlling Animal Diseases Historically, measures taken at the national level to prevent animal diseases began at the country's borders and focused inward.
|
From page 22... ...
In addition, there is a new recognition that wildlife and companion animals are playing a more important role in our lives and in the transmission of diseases that will further challenge the framework. Changes Affecting the Animal Health Framework Challenges to the animal health framework are, in part, the result of the transformation, restructuring, and fundamental changes in agriculture itself.
|
From page 23... ...
Inherent in this broadening scope and scale is the reality of emerging infectious diseases, new zoonoses, food safety problems, and the unfortunate reality that the intentional introduction of animal diseases could result in a cascading effect of potentially catastrophic consequences. The framework to address these diseases has increased in importance, complexity, and visibility.
|
From page 24... ...
Traditional programs have understood the first objective well, but the second role has received little attention. The Interaction among Domestic Animals, Wildlife, and Humans As illustrated in Figure 1-1, the animal health framework must now deal with a continuum of host-parasite relationships involving public
|
From page 25... ...
For instance, expanding and increasingly dense poultry populations increase their chances of exposure to strains of avian influenza virus from wild waterfowl; expanding deer populations can support increased populations of deer ticks, which may spread Lyme disease where the causative agent (Borrelia bergdorferi) is endemic in the rodent population; and the periurban growth in raccoon populations increases the risk of rabies for humans and domestic animals.
|
From page 26... ...
During its deliberations the committee came to appreciate more fully the rapidly growing importance of wildlife as a source of infectious disease for people and domestic animals. While the committee had the expertise to assess the threat posed to humans and domestic animals by potential pathogens harbored in wildlife, it did not have members with sufficient knowledge of all the government agencies dealing with wildlife diseases to undertake a detailed assessment of their effectiveness.
|
From page 27... ...
, a large number of domestic animal diseases are shared with humans -- 60 percent of the 1,415 diseases found in humans are zoonotic, and most are "multispecies" for domestic animal diseases (Cleveland et al., 2001)
|
From page 28... ...
Chapter 2 provides a general overview of the animal health framework, supplemented by Appendix C, which contains additional details on the existing federal system for addressing animal diseases. Chapter 2 is also intended to supply the context for the entire three-phased initiative, and as such, includes issues relevant to surveillance, monitoring, response, and recovery.
|
From page 29... ...
INTRODUCTION 29 and diagnosis, exploring past experiences with a number of specific animal diseases. Based on the analysis of that experience, Chapter 4 considers current capabilities and limitations of the existing animal health framework and identifies key gaps in our ability to prevent, detect, and diagnose animal diseases.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.