Animal Health at the Crossroads Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases (2005) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 State and Quality of the Current System
2 State and Quality of the Current System
Pages 30-75
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From page 30... ...
COMPONENTS OF THE ANIMAL HEALTH FRAMEWORK The animal health framework comprises organizations and participants in the public and private sectors directly responsible for maintaining the healthy status of all animals and those who are impacted by animal health or are influencers of forces affecting animal health. The essential components of the framework for addressing animal disease, beginning with the affected animal, are listed in Box 2-1.
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From page 31... ...
Front Lines The front lines contain multifarious actors and components: from intensive, large-scale, highly technical food animal facilities, monitored by well-trained livestock managers and veterinarians, to disparate clusters of companion animals within individual homes observed with differing degrees of intensity by their owners, to wildlife populations without any kind of regular monitoring contact by humans. It is a sine qua non that the first signs of a disease outbreak are small abnormalities in behavior.
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From page 32... ...
An astute owner may seek advice on first blush of a disorder in a companion animal, or alternatively, a group of companion animals may become quite ill prior to any abnormality being reported outside of the immediate surrounding. For wildlife, especially wildlife outside the oversight of zoo veterinarians and handlers, the situation can be even more uneven.
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From page 33... ...
, entitled The Current and Future Market for Veterinarians and Veterinary Medical Services in the United States, examined the profession's income disparities, the increasing demand of services in new areas, and the critical shortage of trained professionals, and concluded that a series of strategic and substantive changes are needed in the veterinary profession to meet evolving societal needs and demands. One of the most comprehensive reviews, the Pew Veterinary Education Program, concluded: "Veterinary medicine is being threatened as never before by powerful forces of change in society, rapid advances in science and technology, and by the changing needs and expectations of almost every constituency it serves.
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From page 34... ...
suggest that many of the Pew report recommendations have not been realized, due largely to the limited amount of funding provided and the complete lack of follow-up and continuity. Private Veterinarians Veterinarians in private practices, generally supported by veterinary technicians, are among the front-line health professionals dealing with animal disease.
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From page 35... ...
. Federal and State Animal Health Agencies Federal Animal Health Agencies This section briefly summarizes the legal authorities and functions of the federal government for preventing, detecting, and diagnosing animal diseases.
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36 testing DOC NOAA NMFS "National managed NVSL Homeland the agencies & laboratories. jointly and diagnostic is key named funding APHIS, NY, NVSL research are with Laboratory of Agriculture AFMIC USAMRIID receives Island, of Excellence Health location affiliated of CSREES, Plum laboratories Health." the DoD LRN NCID CVM at ARS coordinating CFSAN is Animal (NAHLN)
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37 for Protection Programs Administration Institute Infrastructure Countermeasure Health Diseases Export Laboratories and Service Center Infrastructure Research Analysis Animal Atmospheric Directorate and Network Infectious General Information for Import Health Services and Health Agriculture of 2-1 for of Fisheries for Medical Survey Analysis Biodefense Center Inspector Technology Army Figure Services Response Marine Wildlife Biological Center Oceanic Center Veterinary Institutes the Services and Diseases for of U.S. Department Services Geological National National National National National National U.S.
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From page 38... ...
Nationally, more than 60,000 active accredited veterinarians are in the NVAP database. These veterinarians are instrumental in performing examinations and issuing health certificates critical to the safe movement of animals, assisting in disease eradication campaigns, and maintaining extensive animal disease detection and surveillance functions.
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From page 39... ...
For instance, the policy calls for creation of a national stockpile of animal drugs and vaccines to respond to serious animal diseases; grants to veterinary colleges for expanding training in exotic animal diseases, epidemiology, and public health; and inclusion of veterinary diagnostic laboratories in national networks of federal and state laboratories (The White House, 2004)
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From page 40... ...
More information about diagnostic laboratories is described in the section of this chapter entitled "Scientific Preparedness for Diagnosing Animal Diseases: Laboratory Capacity and Capability." International Organizations Many international organizations are involved with issues related to animal disease. Given the increasingly global nature of disease outbreaks, these agencies, the most important of which are highlighted here, play a key role with respect to the animal health framework in the United States.
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From page 41... ...
In establishing the WTO/SPS Agreement, three international standard setting bodies were specifically referenced: the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) for animal health and food safety issues of animal production, the International Plant Protection Convention for plant health, and the Codex Alimentarius for food safety.
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From page 42... ...
Through the efforts of scientific commissions and participation of member countries, the OIE determines, revises, and publishes standards contained in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code and Manual and the Aquatic Animal Health Code and Manual. The OIE also collects and disseminates information on animal diseases, including changes in disease status and programs.
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From page 43... ...
Specific actions follow the disciplines outlined in the WTO/SPS Agreement and include harmonization, risk analysis, equivalence, and regionalization. It also seeks to strengthen inspection and quarantine control related especially to interregional trade and programs of prevention and control assistance with the harmonization of norms, risk analysis methodologies, surveillance, inspection controls, and support for disease eradication.
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From page 44... ...
An in-depth examination of all of these entities is not presented here, but like international organizations, they play a role that should be examined more closely in future analyses. TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR PREVENTING, DETECTING, AND DIAGNOSING ANIMAL DISEASES Early detection, identification, and diagnosis are critical for limiting the extent of an animal disease outbreak and protecting the public from potential zoonotic disease exposures.
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From page 45... ...
. The same situation applies to virtually all animal disease agents, whether affecting wildlife, livestock, or companion animal species.
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The local public health community can choose to use a broad array of diagnostic tools ranging from simple rapid detection tests, such as at
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. SCIENTIFIC PREPAREDNESS FOR DIAGNOSING ANIMAL DISEASES: LABORATORY CAPACITY AND CAPABILITY Overview The nation's animal health laboratory system is composed of federal, state, university, and commercial laboratories.
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In June 2002, the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 was signed into law. Section 335 authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to develop an agricultural early warning surveillance system enhancing capacity and coordination between state veterinary diagnostic laboratories, federal and state facilities, and public health agencies, and provides authorization for Congress to appropriate funding to the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN)
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From page 49... ...
During a disease outbreak, state veterinary diagnostic laboratories would provide early diagnosis and significant surge capacity. State labs would assist and define herds for depopulation, delimit the extent of the outbreak, and conduct follow-up surveillance to determine a "disease-free status" (USDA, 2004d)
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From page 50... ...
to enlist state veterinary diagnostic laboratories into the CDC Laboratory Response Network (LRN)
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. Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories Each state has a publicly funded veterinary diagnostic laboratory.
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As the nation's public health laboratories struggle to prepare for the potential challenge of toxins, whether biological or chemical, intentionally introduced in environmental or food matrices, the board-certified veterinary toxicologists, analytical chemists, sophisticated equipment, and familiarity with many of these potential toxins extant in accredited veterinary diagnostic laboratories simply must not be overlooked. Although state laboratories offer a rich resource of diagnostic services and data, and the accreditation process ensures the quality of these ser
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From page 53... ...
In an unpublished 2003 informal survey conducted by the AAVLD to assess Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory and necropsy capacity in state laboratories, 23 laboratories of 35 responding (from 33 states and most accredited laboratories)
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From page 54... ...
. Development of private laboratories in corporate food animal production systems has also impacted animal disease diagnostics.
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From page 55... ...
Examples are bovine spongiform encephalopathy and highly pathogenic avian influenza, two diseases that impact very economically important agricultural species, affect international trade, but also spell possibly fatal outcomes in humans. Falling in between these two ends of the spectrum are the majority of animal health problems, with USDA, and more recently DHS, supporting most of the research.
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From page 56... ...
The research and education activities of CSREES were originally authorized under the Hatch Act of 1887. Under its current authorities, CSREES assists research and education programs at state institutions, including state agricultural experiment stations, schools of forestry, 1890 colleges, land-grant institutions, colleges of veterinary medicine, and other eligible institutions.
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From page 57... ...
Since the establishment of DHS, additional funding has become available for animal health issues that are considered of national security interest. This includes most foreign animal diseases, as a deliberate introduction of one of these diseases could have severe economic consequences.
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From page 58... ...
Such research is critical to reducing animal disease and suffering and to the development of new products, treatments, and techniques for animals that indirectly benefit society. The efficiency and productivity of animal agriculture over the years has been a function of successful research on animal nutrition, effective production systems, and reducing the incidence of animal diseases.
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From page 59... ...
SOURCE: Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 4th edition. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4toc.htm INTERNATIONAL ISSUES Deterrence and prevention of animal disease in the United States involve global strategies that are directed at reducing a potential threat before it reaches the U.S.
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From page 60... ...
ports and the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC)
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, and Other Components Addressing Animal Diseases Agency Agency Description, Responsibilities, & Major Events Border and Transportation · The largest of the 5 DHS directorates. Security (BTS)
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CBP Ag. Specialist · Enforce USDA regulations and seize any articles in violation of regulations · Conduct prearrival risk analysis.
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From page 63... ...
ADDRESSING FUTURE ANIMAL DISEASE RISKS A critical tool for informing decisions about how to prevent or respond to animal disease is the evaluation of risk related to the potential occurrence, transmission, or establishment of animal diseases. In the context of animal disease, risk analysis is the framework for understanding the impact of a wide variety of variables on animal health, and particularly, of the transmission of disease through the movement of animals, animal products, and vectors.
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From page 64... ...
The OIE framework is useful for considering and integrating the complexities of risk assessment into logical steps that can be better analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Two additional components of risk analysis are (1)
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From page 65... ...
EDUCATION AND TRAINING Education and Training of Veterinarians Veterinary Schools Veterinary medicine comprises several distinct fields of practice, including the care of various species of food-animals, small animals, equids, general or rural practice (mixed domestic animals) , ecosystem health (including wildlife disease and conservation biology)
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From page 66... ...
DVM programs are uniformly subjected to accreditation by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) , which sets "standard requirements of an accredited or approved college of veterinary medicine" (AVMA, 2004a)
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From page 67... ...
Unprecedented changes in food ani mal production and health, human and animal demographics, diseases, concern for animal well-being and welfare, antibiotic resistance, and bio technology are occurring. In addition increasing threats to animal popula tions from the introduction of exotic animal diseases, either accidentally or intentionally, require a much larger cadre of veterinarians with training in population health concepts if the US is to manage exotic disease outbreaks and maintain the security of the of the US food supply.
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From page 68... ...
Eight schools offer elective clinical rotations of 34 weeks in length. Twenty-three schools offer some form of advanced training in public health or epidemiology, four offering a dual DVM/Masters of Public Health program.
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. Veterinary Technology Programs Veterinary technicians are important members of veterinary practice teams, government agencies, biomedical research laboratories, diagnostic laboratories, and commercial enterprises.
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From page 70... ...
The diplomate status in one of several disciplines is the preferred qualification for section heads in diagnostic laboratories that opt for accreditation by the AAVLD. Increasing the strength of the nation's animal diagnostic laboratory and field investigative network will depend in part on having adequate numbers of veterinarians with specialist qualifications in pathology, epidemiology, microbiology, toxicology, and wildlife diseases, as well as other laboratory professionals.
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From page 71... ...
of Diplomates All Fields 7,970 Anesthesiologists 148 Animal Behaviorists 36 Dentistry 75 Dermatologists 158 Emergency and Critical Care 156 Internal Medicine 1,478 Cardiology 120 Internal Medicine, Small Animal 788 Internal Medicine, Large Animal 357 Neurology 126 Oncology 151 Laboratory Animal Medicine 677 Microbiologists 164 Bacteriology/Mycology 33 Immunology 43 Microbiology 85 Virology 50 Nutrition 47 Ophthalmologists 264 Pathologists 1,411 Anatomical Pathology 1,210 Clinical Pathology 255 Toxicological Pathology 38 Pharmacology 43 Poultry 247 Practitioners 740 Avian 107 Beef Cattle 11 Canine and Feline 408 Dairy 30 Equine 74 Feline Exclusive 71 Food Animal 20 Swine Health Management 18 Preventive Medicine 531 Epidemiology 64 Radiology 264 Radiation Oncology 34 Veterinary Surgeons 1,041 Small Animal 43 Large Animal 23 Theriogenologists 306 Toxicology 98 Zoological Medicine 83 SOURCE: AVMA, 2004c.
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From page 72... ...
Veterinarians need to be trained in biomedical research to take active roles as principal investigators on NIH grants related to animal models for human disease and other grants for animal disease research, including investigations of the role of animals in zoonoses. The NRC report's review of Research Project (RO1)
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From page 73... ...
The current accreditation program does not require veterinarians to maintain, through continuing education, their knowledge of foreign animal diseases. Under the proposed new program, foreign animal disease training will be available to complete CVME requirements to maintain accreditation status (Lawrence Miller, personal communication, June 2005)
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From page 74... ...
. A recent review of studies of the economic impact of transboundary animal diseases indicates significant losses caused by the perceived threat of transboundary animal disease and control efforts.
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From page 75... ...
. In addition to known animal diseases from naturally occurring exposure is the added risk of disease that is spread with malicious intent (NRC, 2003a)
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