Dietary Reference Intakes The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements (2006) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 386-396
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From page 386... ...
TABLE 1 Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Chloride by Life Stage Group DRI values (g/day) Sodium Chloride AIa ULb AI UL Life stage groupc NDd 0 through 6 mo 0.12 0.18 ND 7 through 12 mo 0.37 ND 0.57 ND 1 through 3 y 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.3 4 through 8 y 1.2 1.9 1.9 2.9 9 through 13 y 1.5 2.2 2.3 3.4 14 through 18 y 1.5 2.3 2.3 3.6 19 through 30 y 1.5 2.3 2.3 3.6 31 through 50 y 1.5 2.3 2.3 3.6 51 through 70 y 1.3 2.3 2.0 3.6 > 70 y 1.2 2.3 1.8 3.6 Pregnancy £18 y 1.5 2.3 2.3 3.6 19 through 50 y 1.5 2.3 2.3 3.6 Lactation £18 y 1.5 2.3 2.3 3.6 19 through 50 y 1.5 2.3 2.3 3.6 a AI = Adequate Intake.
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From page 387... ...
PART III: SODIUM AND CHLORIDE 387 SODIUM CHLORIDE AND S odium and chloride are necessary to maintain extracellular fluid volume and plasma osmolality. The cation sodium and the anion chloride are normally found in most foods together as sodium chloride (salt)
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From page 388... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 388 SODIUM AND CHLORIDE AND THE BODY Function About 95 percent of the body's sodium content is found in the extracellular fluid, where it serves as the primary cation. Sodium regulates extracellular fluid volume and plasma volume and also plays an important role in the membrane potential of cells (the electrical potential difference across a cell's plasma mem brane)
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From page 389... ...
PART III: SODIUM AND CHLORIDE 389 TABLE 2 Major Systems and Hormones That Influence Sodium Chloride Balance System or Hormones Activators Effect Renin-angiotensin- • Reduced salt intake • Promotes retention of sodium aldosterone axis • Reduced blood volume and chloride by the kidneys • Reduced blood pressurea • Promotes renal reabsorption of sodium Atrial natriuretic peptide • Elevated blood volume • Increases glomerular filtration (counter-regulatory system • Increased salt intake rate to renin-angiotensin- • Increased blood pressure • Reduces blood volume aldosterone axis) • Reduces blood pressure • Increases sodium excretion Sympathetic nervous • Reduced salt intake • Reduces sodium reabsorption system • Reduced blood volume • Reduces water reabsorption in • Reduced blood pressure the kidneys a When the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is less responsive, as with advanced age, a greater decrease in blood pressure results from reduced sodium chloride intake.
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From page 390... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 390 Criteria for Determining Sodium and Chloride Requirements, by Life Stage Group Life stage group Criterion 0 through 6 months Average consumption of sodium from human milk 7 through 12 months Average consumption of sodium from human milk + complementary foods 1 through 18 y Extrapolation of adult AI based on median energy intake level from CSFII 19 though 50 y Intake level to cover possible daily losses, provide adequate intakes of other nutrients, and maintain normal function > 50 y Extrapolation from younger adults based on median energy intake level from CSFII Pregnancy < 18 through 50 y Age-specific AI Lactation < 18 through 50 y Age-specific AI The UL The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects for almost all people.
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From page 391... ...
PART III: SODIUM AND CHLORIDE 391 women aged 18 years and older had hypertension, indicating that a substantial number of individuals appear to experience this adverse effect. Data on Canadian consumption indicated that 90–95 percent of younger men (aged 19 to 50 years)
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From page 392... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 392 glutamate, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, and sodium acid pyrophosphate. Sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate are found in many antacids, which are sometimes consumed in large amounts.
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From page 393... ...
PART III: SODIUM AND CHLORIDE 393 TABLE 4 Potential Interactions with Other Dietary Substances Substance Potential Interaction Notes SUBSTANCES THAT AFFECT SODIUM AND CHLORIDE Potassium Increased potassium intake Potassium may inhibit sodium reabsorption in the increases urinary excretion kidneys, thereby reducing extracellular fluid and of sodium chloride and blunts plasma volumes. This is considered to be an the rise in blood pressure important aspect of the antihypertensive effect of resulting from excess sodium potassium.
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From page 394... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 394 levels of sodium may occur and can generally be treated with intravenous so dium chloride and water along with insulin. Some hypoglycemic medications, such as chlorpropramide, have been associated with low blood sodium levels.
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From page 395... ...
PART III: SODIUM AND CHLORIDE 395 KEY POINTS FOR SODIUM AND CHLORIDE Sodium and chloride are necessary to maintain extracellular 3 fluid volume and plasma osmolality. The cation sodium and the anion chloride are normally found in most foods together as sodium chloride (salt)
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From page 396... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 396 There is little evidence of any adverse effect of low dietary 3 sodium intake. Chloride deficiency is rarely seen because most foods that contain sodium also provide chloride.
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