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Dietary Reference Intakes The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements (2006) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 435-446

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From page 435...
... PART IV: APPENDIX C 435 C METHODS T he general methods for examining and interpreting the evidence on re quirements for nutrients are presented in this appendix, with special attention given to approaches used to provide Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) where data are lacking for specific subgroups of the population (typically for infants, children, pregnant and lactating women, and older adults)
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From page 436...
... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 436 sumption and health-related biomarkers. Much of the understanding of human nutrient requirements to prevent deficiencies is based on studies of this type.
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From page 437...
... PART IV: APPENDIX C 437 are a number of other factors that limit study reliability in research relating nutrient intakes to disease risk. First, the variation in nutrient intake may be rather limited in populations selected for study.
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From page 438...
... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 438 ents or nutrient combinations at a single intake level are generally studied in a randomized trial (although a few intervention trials to compare specific dietary patterns have been initiated in recent years)
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From page 439...
... PART IV: APPENDIX C 439 group to another because the critical function or the risk of disease may be different. When no or very poor data are available for a given life stage group, extrapolation is made from the EAR or Adequate Intake (AI)
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From page 440...
... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 440 from human milk that result from differences in milk volume and nutrient con centration during early lactation. In keeping with the decision made by the Standing Committee on the Sci entific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, there were not specific recom mended intakes to meet the needs of formula-fed infants.
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From page 441...
... PART IV: APPENDIX C 441 Method for Extrapolating Data from Younger to Older Infants When information is not available on the nutrient intake of older infants, intake data can be extrapolated from young to older infants. Using the metabolic weight ratio method to extrapolate data from younger to older infants involves metabolic scaling but does not include an adjustment for growth because it is based on a value for a growing infant.
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From page 442...
... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 442 Methods for Determining Increased Needs for Lactation For most nutrients, it is assumed that the total nutrient requirements for lactat ing women equal the requirements for nonpregnant, nonlactating women of similar age plus an increment to cover the amount needed for milk production. ESTIMATES OF NUTRIENT INTAKES Reliable and valid methods of food composition analysis are crucial in deter mining the intake of a nutrient needed to meet a requirement.
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From page 443...
... PART IV: APPENDIX C 443 DIETARY INTAKES IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA Sources of Dietary Intake Data At the time the original DRI reports were published, the major sources of current dietary intake data for the U.S. population were the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
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From page 444...
... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 444 Hazard Identification Determination of adverse health effects caused by high intakes of the nutrient or food component Dose-Response Assessment • Selection of critical data set • Identification of NOAEL (or LOAEL) • Assessment of uncertainty (UF)
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From page 445...
... PART IV: APPENDIX C 445 in question. Data from human, animal, and in vitro research is examined, and scientific judgment is used to determine which observed effects are adverse.
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From page 446...
... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 446 • Individual variations in sensitivity to a nutrient • Extrapolation from data from experimental animal studies to humans, when animal data constitute the primary evidence available • Absence of NOAEL (to account for uncertainty of deriving a UL from the LOAEL) • Use of data showing effects of subchronic nutrient exposures (NOAEL)
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