The Fundamental Role of Science and Technology in International Development An Imperative for the U.S. Agency for International Development (2006) / Chapter Skim
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Research also established that two cents worth of vitamin A given to children every six months could reduce child mortality in many countries by over one-third. In agriculture, rice-wheat rotation techniques have significantly enhanced food production in South Asia.
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government throughout the developing world. Unfortunately, many developing countries, particularly the poor countries of Africa, do not have the human resources, physical and economic infrastructures, and access to capital to take full advantage of the S&T expertise and achievements of the United States and other industrialized countries.
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Beyond foreign assistance funds provided by governments, other financial flows to developing countries with S&T implications are growing. They include foreign direct investment by the private sector, remittances to friends and relatives in developing countries sent home by émigrés who are resident in the industrialized countries, contributions to development projects by private foundations, and initiatives designed to benefit local populations supported by multinational companies.
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Within this myriad of expanding activities, USAID supports hundreds of foreign assistance projects. But its role in carrying out its program is increasingly determined by dozens of congressional earmarks and White House initiatives, including many with S&T components.
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Since S&T are integral components of many foreign assistance activities, consideration of USAID's efforts to draw on the nation's S&T capabilities must begin with consideration of USAID's broader role in foreign assistance. USAID will, of course, continue to follow the decisions of the Administration and Congress to support program activities in many fields within USAID's established program framework of governance and humanitarian assistance, reconstruction in war-torn areas, global health, and broadly defined economic growth; however, the agency should to the extent possible select a few areas of emphasis within this framework where it can concentrate resources and be an international leader in addition to its well-established leadership role in promoting democratic governance.
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Suggestions of specific steps for implementing the recommendations are also set forth. The recommendations, if implemented, would strengthen USAID's capabilities to play a more effective role in supporting technical innovation as a key to successful international development.
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an increased number of entry-level positions devoted to young professionals with S&T expertise, and (3) career incentives for technically trained employees to remain at USAID, and particularly, promotion opportunities based on an individual's success in applying technical skills to USAID programs; and · Appointment of a full-time S&T adviser to the administrator, with adequate staff, to alert the USAID leadership and program managers on a continuing basis to overlooked and new opportunities for programs with significant S&T content.
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· Strengthening the economic analysis capability of USAID to help ensure that the many dimensions of technological change occurring in almost every developing country are adequately considered when designing and implementing agency projects; and · Revitalizing the program evaluation capability of USAID using rigorous methodologies to gauge program effectiveness.
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government departments and agencies. Table S-2 presents a suggested role for USAID in the health sector; · Work with other government organizations that are involved in preventing and responding to natural disasters with an expanded emphasis on the capacity of developing countries to improve early warning systems, upgrade the resilience of physical structures to impacts, increase availability of emergency social support resources, and develop hazard mitigation and emergency response strategies that can be integrated with long-term development programs; · Work closely with the Departments of State and Defense and other national and international organizations involved in reconstruction of war-torn areas, taking advantage of the technical capabilities of these partners while sharing USAID's field experience in charting the course for recovery; · Develop USAID programs that complement the programs of the Department of State for combating HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, capitalizing on USAID's unique field experience to build local capacity for delivering health services; and · Encourage the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)
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10 Health Problems Outcomes Improved Special on and scale and at health fund donors Research program (major) Field approaches agencies WHO systems for PEPFAR Evaluation Strengthening Global national Monitor Local USAID Bilateral Implementation Adaptation effectiveness modify Landscape medical existing and Global trials research of organizations donors development companies Applied products USAID New Adaptation Field Bilateral research the Product Consumer supply Research/Development/ Modification in Pharmaceutical Local USAID of Research NIH research Role companies International foundations Basic Pharmaceutical Local organizations of of CDC Outcomes: Setting disease donors surveillance of Knowledge agencies Assessment/ Gaps (major)
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Nevertheless, with the upsurge in the foreign assistance budget and the globalization of problems, institutions, and solutions, there should be an opportunity for the private voluntary organizations to have funding for their grassroots programs and for USAID to simultaneously undertake serious S&T investments for long-term economic growth. The entire foreign assistance establishment must be persuaded that S&T are crucial enablers of development and not simply endpoints.
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