Mineral Requirements for Military Personnel Levels Needed for Cognitive and Physical Performance During Garrison Training (2006) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 13-35
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 13... ...
Although the specific aspects of diet that would be relevant to this Committee on Mineral Requirements for Cognitive and Physical Performance of Military Personnel are lacking, the findings from this survey suggest that there are dietary problems in the military population. The potential for adverse effects of marginal mineral deficiencies among soldiers engaged in training or military operations and the prospect of improving military performance through mineral intakes have spurred the military's interest in this area of nutrition.
|
From page 14... ...
In addition to zinc, the study specifically identifies the minerals of most importance for military physical and cognitive performance and evaluates if there is the potential for significant mineral deficiencies in specific military situations, which are outlined in the following section, Specific Questions to be Addressed. The study also assesses the adequacy of current mineral levels in operational rations and recommends new levels when appropriate.
|
From page 15... ...
Chapter 1 provides background information on the current knowledge regarding soldiers' eating behaviors as well as on the physical and mental stress caused by military garrison training or operations. Chapter 1 also offers facts on the mineral content of rations and its intake by military personnel and addresses the potential effects of nutrient deficiencies due to inadequate intake or higher requirements during military operations.
|
From page 16... ...
, Nutrient Composition of Rations for ShortTerm, High-Intensity Combat Operations for further description on energy expenditure and intake and on food consumption during sustained operations. The wide range in total energy expenditures of various military groups and the factors that appear to contribute to the related differences have been described previously (Tharion et al., 2005)
|
From page 17... ...
Another shortcoming is that analytical data do not exist for some nutrients, for example, copper. The mineral content of food items can be used to evaluate soldiers' mineral intake (see the following section, Mineral Intake of Military Personnel)
|
From page 18... ...
Other studies have attempted to investigate the effect of micronutrient supplementation on military performance; one of them showed that for healthy adults, vitamin and mineral supplement consumption for three months did not improve military physical performance (Montain and Young, 2003)
|
From page 19... ...
Among the data collected were the following mineral intake levels based on the food items consumed (as reported by the participants) : · Calcium, 1,065 mg (9521,236 mg)
|
From page 20... ...
20 1930 Dietary Ration RE Minimum b µg 50 35% Women 200 3 8 0.6 0.7 8 0.7 1.2 500 45 40 200 ND ND ND 500 ND ND Restricted Daily Intake NS 1,500 Military to and b Men Intake RE Operational Daily Compared µg Rations, 91 35% 5 1.2 1.3 1.3 2.4 NSOR, Ration, Minimum NS 3,600 494 90 15 80 16 400 ND ND ND ND ND 1,000 1,000 f Population RE Restricted omen 5093 D 5 1.1 1.1 1.3 2.4 ND N 800 75 15 65 14 400 ND ND ND ND ND and W 2,300 1,000 General f Population the b RE 63119 D 5 1.2 1.3 1.3 2.4 90 15 80 16 D for ND N 400 ND N ND ND ND Military MDRI Men 3,250 1,000 Operational, 1,000 Intakes d g Feeding, e omen 46 2035% a 130 700 5 1.1 1.1 1.3 2.4 75 15 90 14 30 25 400 425 900 W 2,3502,400 1,000 Garrison AMDR Recommended in c or g Population AI, RAE e 56 2035% Dietary 130 5 1.2 1.3 1.3 2.4 55 900 90 15 16 30 35 120 400 550 900 Personnel General RDA, Men 3,1003,150 1,000 for Daily Intakes Current (mg) (kcal)
|
From page 21... ...
21 and body using: Activity Reference using: older respectively weight. 2 8 2.0 2.53.5 8 Retinol respectively and age 75 28 210 ND ND 350 Dietary = older of body weight.
|
From page 22... ...
However, the authors of this report postulated that if calcium and iron intake for male soldiers is just above the military standards, inadequate intake of these minerals by female soldiers would be likely because of their higher requirements. Thus, female soldiers could be at risk of iron and calcium deficiencies that might result in health or performance decrements.
|
From page 23... ...
, the data are insufficient to have a clear picture of all the mineral intake from food. Information on nutrient intake when eating food from the dining facilities or when eating food from rations would help in designing food items with a more adequate nutrient density, especially for women; this is ultimately necessary in order to ensure that the military requirements for nutrients are met by most military personnel, both men and women.
|
From page 24... ...
soldiers are often hypocaloric; as a result, the negative energy balance can affect their health and performance. Field studies that have attempted to resolve the question of the minimum energy intake that will maintain military performance were described in that report (IOM, 2006)
|
From page 25... ...
On the other hand, another study, in which male soldiers were on three different energy intake levels (1,800, 3,200, 4,200 kcal/day) while performing a sustained physical activity for one week, resulted in reduced maximal aerobic power and endurance only when consuming the lowest energy diet (1,800 kcal/day)
|
From page 26... ...
The recent IOM report (2006) Nutrient Composition of Rations for Short-Term, HighIntensity Combat Operations, recommends that a hypocaloric ration should be used in a continuous manner during sustained operations (repetitive three- to seven-day missions with one- to three-day resting periods during which dining facilities are available)
|
From page 27... ...
for certain minerals. Because numerous studies have linked certain mineral deficiencies with decreased work productivity, higher prevalences of infection, and cognitive decrements in the general population, there is interest in ensuring soldiers' optimal mineral status.
|
From page 28... ...
Nutrient Composition of Rations for Short-Term, High-Intensity Combat Operations, surveys conducted in the field during combat missions point to frequent instances of sleep deprivation (e.g., some soldiers sleep an average of 4 h/ day; most of them, however, sleep 56 h/day)
|
From page 29... ...
In addition, nutrient metabolism and decreased food and water intake can indirectly alter immune responses and susceptibility and resistance to infection. During chronic stress, the stress response may shift from a primarily CRH-driven stress response to one that is driven by vasopressin and may be, therefore, associated with alterations in thirst, salt preference, and drinking behavior.
|
From page 30... ...
As scientific information is gathered and new standards for the general population are updated, the Surgeon General is responsible for revising the military nutrition standards and ensuring that nutrient composition of the rations and planned menus meet the military standards. The current military nutrient standards (MDRIs and NSORs)
|
From page 31... ...
The NSORs are specifications for the nutrient composition of rations consumed by military personnel involved in diverse off-base military activities-ranging from field training exercises to combat missions. These nutrient specifications are designed to maintain health and performance over multiple days of continuous subsistence.
|
From page 32... ...
Paper presented at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on The Mineral Requirements for Cognitive and Physical Performance of Military Personnel, Wash ington, DC: Institute of Medicine Committee on Mineral Requirements for Cognitive and Physi cal Performance of Military Personnel. Baker-Fulco CJ, Bathalon GP, Bovill ME, Lieberman HR.
|
From page 33... ...
Paper presented at the Insti tute of Medicine Workshop on Mineral Requirements for Cognitive and Physical Performance of Military Personnel, Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine Committee on Mineral Require ments for Cognitive and Physical Performance of Military Personnel. Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK.
|
From page 34... ...
1986. Physical and mental performance of soldiers on high- and low-energy diets during prolonged heavy exercise combined with sleep deprivation.
|
From page 35... ...
During a 30-Day Field Training Exercise. Technical Report T95-6.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.