Mineral Requirements for Military Personnel Levels Needed for Cognitive and Physical Performance During Garrison Training (2006) / Chapter Skim
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4 Research Needs
4 Research Needs
Pages 191-218
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From page 191... ...
Also, determining the independent effect of restricted energy intakes on specific micronutrient impairments is difficult. Throughout this report, the committee stresses the need to establish Military Dietary Reference Intakes specific for military personnel in situations of extreme weather, intense exercise, and other stressors that might alter the nutrient requirements for maintaining or improving health and physical and cognitive performance.
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ORGANIZATION AND PRIORITIZATION This chapter focuses on research needs -- organized according to prioritization criteria -- that would assist the military with answering questions related to mineral requirements for soldiers in garrison training, including design details that might be helpful when developing a research agenda. In the following section on research priorities, the committee describes design details of two overall, cross-cutting studies (i.e., they apply to more than one mineral)
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RESEARCH PRIORITIES 1. Study the Effects of Military Garrison Training on Mineral Losses and Performance A study is needed to assess the effects of environmental, physical, and psychological stressors encountered by military personnel -- including heat, physical activity, and possibly sleep restriction -- on the mineral losses and resulting effects on physical and mental performance using modern analytical capabilities.
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194 mental and physical and losses mineral on exertion physical and sweat of effect the load. lb Ready-to-Eat.
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or on the mineral values of the nutritional standards of operational rations (NSORs) [e.g., based on Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
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The Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR)
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. Future research on mineral requirements to maintain and optimize cognitive function and behavior should include careful review and consideration of the markers in designs modeling the full range of complexities and demands common to research in military settings.
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Measurements of Physical Performance The most important physical performance measurements are for aerobic and muscular endurance. There are many different tests that could measure these two variables, and the military should select the ones that have been proven to reflect the reality of military environments and physical performance demands.
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There are no systematic data available at this time on the true prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia in female troops either at service entry or during active military duty. The committee concluded that, in addition to a study on the feasibility of monitoring women's status on entry into military service, surveillance programs should be established to monitor iron status at the end of all intensive training phases as well as periodically thereafter during military service, including during garrison training.
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The outcome measures for iron status should include a complete blood count (CBC) (i.e., hemoglobin [Hb]
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Other Research Needs · In addition to minerals, other dietary supplement products of unknown or unproven efficacy may be taken by enlisted personnel with the hope that they will improve performance or weight loss, or both. Although not a part of the current task, the committee acknowledges that the dietary intake surveys should extend to other supplements, including performance-enhancing supplements.
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Outcome measurements. The objective is to determine whether exercise shifts the curve representing the relationship between calcium intake and calcium retention resulting in a new threshold intake -- a criterion for determining calcium requirements used by the Dietary Reference Intakes panel (IOM, 1997)
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groups under conditions that lead to weight loss, including rigorous garrison training and reduced caloric consumption. Supplementation likely will result in total dietary calcium intakes of at least 1,600 mg/day, which has been shown to protect bone loss during weight loss (Jensen et al., 2001; Ricci et al., 1998; Riedt et al., 2005)
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The study initially could run for two weeks, similar to the overall study in research priority 1, Study the Effects of Military Garrison Training on Mineral Losses and Performance, but include dietary intake supplementation of approximately 1,200 mg/day, which has been demonstrated to improve mood states in civilians with PMS (Thys-Jacobs et al., 1998)
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. The POMS-BI is a self-report measure of bipolar mood states that has been designed specifically to assess mood changes before and after treatment and in response to experimental manipulations.
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See research priority 1, Study the Effects of Military Garrison Training on Mineral Losses and Performance for the recommended study design and outcome measurements (also see Figure 4-1)
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The following study design is suggested: a randomized, stratified, intervention placebo-controlled trial of iron deficient anemic (as determined by a combination of iron status indicators, see Chapter 3) , iron deficient (< 12 µg/L of serum ferritin)
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Question. Can supplemental iron and dietary intervention approaches alleviate the drop in iron status of female soldiers during garrison training or even during field missions?
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Outcome measurements. Traditional iron status measures such as ferritin, sTfR, TSAT, erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration, and CBC would be measured as an index of the test subjects' iron status (see Chapter 3)
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Given that sleep deprivation and disruption could occur common during military training and especially during sustained operations and produce severe decrements in cognitive function and mood states (Belenky et al., 1994; Lieberman et al., 2005) , there is a need to determine whether increasing magnesium intake will improve sleep, protect against the effects of sleep deprivation, or regulate mood states of military personnel in garrison training and during sustained operations.
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. The Committee on Military Nutrition Research (IOM, 2004)
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See the study design in research priority 1, Study the Effects of Military Garrison Training on Mineral Losses and Performance. Selenium and Immune Function Justification.
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Does increasing the selenium intakes of soldiers undergoing military garrison training improve their mood states, particularly depression, and therefore affect military performance? Study design.
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From page 214... ...
Study the Effects of Military Garrison Training on Mineral Losses and Performance could be followed to test physical performance with moderate amounts of supplemental zinc (e.g., 1015 mg/day) added to placebo dietary intakes (approximately 1015 mg/day)
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Does increasing the zinc intakes of soldiers undergoing military garrison training benefit cognitive function, particularly memory, or mood states (e.g., depression) , and therefore affect military performance?
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2002/2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids.
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Paper presented at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on The Mineral Re quirements for Cognitive and Physical Performance of Military Personnel, Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine Committee on Mineral Requirements for Cognitive and Physical Perfor mance of Military Personnel. Lieberman HR, Bathalon GP, Falco CM, Kramer FM, Morgan CA, Niro P
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From page 218... ...
In: Institute of Medicine, Marriott BM, ed. Food Components to Enhance Performance: An Evaluation of Potential Performance Enhancing Food Components for Operational Rations.
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