Mineral Requirements for Military Personnel Levels Needed for Cognitive and Physical Performance During Garrison Training (2006) / Chapter Skim
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2 Military Dietary Reference Intakes: Process to Establish, Uses, and Delivery Methods
2 Military Dietary Reference Intakes: Process to Establish, Uses, and Delivery Methods
Pages 36-57
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From page 36... ...
In the United States, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) recommended in various Institute of Medicine (IOM)
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From page 37... ...
Such standards -- the Military Dietary Reference Intakes (MDRIs) and the nutritional standards for operational rations (NSORs)
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From page 38... ...
This report is concerned with soldiers in garrison who perform a moderateto high-level of physical activity (referred to throughout the report as "garrison training" and defined in Chapter 3) and with soldiers in sustained operations while eating operational rations [i.e., first strike rations (FSRs)
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From page 39... ...
RECOMMENDATION: The MDRIs should continue to reflect the IOM DRIs. Modifications should be made to specific nutrient re quirements if there is sufficient scientific evidence that circum stances call for different requirements and intakes, whether to maintain nutrient or health status or to improve performance.
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From page 40... ...
In addition, the standard deviation of such experimental data should be derived in order to calculate an RDA for military personnel. For example, sweat losses of minerals during garrison training should be measured and factored into a new garrison-training EAR; in other words, to calculate the military standard, the IOM EAR should be modified accordingly (see the following section, Factors Affecting Nutrient Needs for Military Personnel, for other considerations)
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From page 41... ...
Following this principle, the IOM levels are based on calculations of the amounts that must be provided to meet physiological needs under relatively normal conditions. In contrast, the task given to this committee was to determine mineral requirements that sustain but also improve military performance, including physical and cognitive performance.
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From page 42... ...
RECOMMENDATION: As more evidence becomes available, the committee recommends that military nutrient standards for unique circumstances in the military (e.g., soldiers engaging in sustained operations or in garrison training) be updated periodically by con sidering scientific evidence from studies on the benefits of specific nutrients (e.g., for improved cognitive function)
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From page 43... ...
Similar to the IOM DRIs, the MDRIs could be used to plan and assess menus for military personnel. The difficulty in assessing the nutritional adequacy -- whether nutrient composition satisfactorily will meet nutrient needs -- of menus for soldiers in garrison training is the lack of data on the intake distribution.
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From page 44... ...
The NSORs might be different for specific military situations; for example, NSORs for military garrison training and those for sustained operations might differ. THREE STRATEGIES TO INCREASE NUTRIENT INTAKE The following three basic strategies can be used to improve intake and nutritional status of enlisted personnel: food-based approaches, fortification, supplementation (IOM, 1998b)
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From page 45... ...
. Also, even though it has not been possible to show a decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease or other chronic degenerative diseases with simple single-nutrient supplementation or fortification programs, total dietary patterns do seem to make a greater difference.
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From page 46... ...
On the other hand, when only a subgroup of the population is deficient in a nutrient, then fortification of specific foods eaten by those at risk is more appropriate. Dietary surveys may be needed to describe the amounts and distributions of nutrient intakes in the population and to identify the most suitable food vehicle.
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From page 47... ...
In the majority of cases, these specifications are FDA guidelines and are not mandated. Thus, public health measures -- specified by law or regulation -- that rely on fortification and enrichment have clear guidelines that must be followed.
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. Dietary supplements that provide nutrients or nonnutrients by oral means come in various forms (e.g., pills and powders)
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From page 49... ...
While there is little disagreement about the usefulness of dietary supplements in boosting nutrient intake shortfalls and thus achieving IOM RDA levels (for example, in situations of weight loss or illness) , the value of consuming nutrient levels higher than the IOM RDAs continues to be debated (Lichtenstein and Russell, 2005; Perelson and Ellenbogen, 2002)
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From page 50... ...
. Attempts at using supplements to prevent cardiovascular disease and lung cancer have been disappointing, and the evidence to date is stronger for the association between dietary patterns and decreased chronic disease risk than it is for individual nutrients.
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From page 51... ...
In addition to being a potential vehicle for nutrients and hydration, water can be a feasible vehicle for providing minerals that help meet mineral requirements as long as soldiers are consuming daily 210 L of water. The changes in drinking water sources that occur during mili
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From page 52... ...
The final mineral levels depend on the source water, for example, ground water is hard water and rain water is soft water. Combination methods like filtration, reverse osmosis, and distillation are used in some parts of the world because the local water is high in salt and debris.
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From page 53... ...
There are no known health advantages from consuming bottled water except in areas where local drinking water does not meet health standards. Table 2-2 lists an example of the mineral content from bottled water prepared for the military operations in Iraq.
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From page 54... ...
Although many of these studies have large sample sizes and include longitudinal data to document the efficacy of hard water, government agencies (Combs, 2005; see Appendix B) do not support adding calcium and magnesium to drinking water to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
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From page 55... ...
During foreign deployments, drinking water may come from local water supplies and undergo additional treatments, such as chlorination for bacterial control and filtration for the removal of dissolved solids. The mineral levels with this type of treated water depend on the mineral levels of the source water, that is, hard water, which is high in minerals -- primarily calcium and magnesium -- would retain its minerals after treatment.
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From page 56... ...
. Derivation of the Military Dietary Reference Intakes and the Min eral Content of Military Rations.
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From page 57... ...
2005. Drinking water hardness and cardiovascular diseases: A review of the epidemiological studies 19792004.
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