A Matter of Size Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (2006) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Appendix D Workshop Proceedings: Responsible Development of Nanotechnology
Appendix D Workshop Proceedings: Responsible Development of Nanotechnology
Pages 147-180
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 147... ...
D Workshop Proceedings: Responsible Development of Nanotechnology T he Workshop on Responsible Development of Nanotechnology was held on March 24-25, 2005, in Washington, D.C., as part of this study to discuss the need for standards, guidelines, and strategies for ensuring the responsible development of nanotechnology. The presentations included information on NNI programs and the status of standards and guidelines for nanotechnology R&D, and some also identified areas in need of further planning and action.
|
From page 148... ...
A M A t t e r o fSi z e issues important by establishing societal dimensions as one of seven program component areas (PCAs)
|
From page 149... ...
AP P e N d i xd "to provide national and world leadership for research into the application of nanoparticles and nanomaterials in occupational safety and health and the implications of nanoparticles and nanomaterials for work-related injury and illness." In 2005, NIOSH published a Strategic Plan for nanotechnology research. The goals are to prevent work-related injuries and illnesses caused by nanoparticles and nanomaterials; apply nanotechnology products to prevent such injuries and illnesses; promote healthy workplaces through intervention, recommendations, and capacity building; and enhance global workplace safety through national and international collaborations.
|
From page 150... ...
0 A M A t t e r o fSi z e NSF has further funded a Center for Learning and Teaching in Nanoscale Science and Engineering, which focuses on grades 7-12 and the undergraduate level. The Department of Defense (DOD)
|
From page 151... ...
AP P e N d i xd not carry the same risks. Without more accurate nomenclature, the public has no way of differentiating the impacts of incidental versus engineered materials.
|
From page 152... ...
A M A t t e r o fSi z e and advanced instrumentation are already on the market. Nanotechnology is also converging with other technologies, such as biotechnology and information tech nology, to form even more powerful new scientific and industrial approaches.
|
From page 153... ...
AP P e N d i xd Green nanotechnology offers the opportunity to manufacture materials atom by atom to produce less waste and pollution,to create lightweight,stronger products that use less energy and fewer materials in their manufacture, and to ensure better industrial controls to minimize pollution. Two examples include synthesizing nanotubes using microwaves to reduce energy use in their manufacture, and the use of molecular nanolithography for bottom-up assembly of nanoscale electronic devices.
|
From page 154... ...
A M A t t e r o fSi z e developing organizations to develop certificates of compliance and standard oper ating procedures for high-volume manufacturing, to ensure reliable output, to protect workers, and to address environmental concerns. IEEE first convened a workshop for representatives from industry, academia, and international laboratories to examine the kinds of standards needed for nanoscale materials, devices, and systems.
|
From page 155... ...
AP P e N d i xd materials include their size, shape, surface area, and surface activity. In addition, physical properties, such as surface charge density and optical and magnetic phenomena, may be of importance.
|
From page 156... ...
A M A t t e r o fS i z e approaches, and we need to address the potential consequences and impacts of this technology -- that is, those that are unconventional and unintended. Proponents of nanotechnology predict that it will create many jobs.
|
From page 157... ...
AP P e N d i xd toxicologists don't yet know the size cutoff above which such translocations do not occur. This produces high concentrations and strong interactions within cell membranes, generating free radicals and thus creating damage.
|
From page 158... ...
A M A t t e r o fSi z e David Warheit Toxicologist, DuPont Haskell Laboratory The common perception is that nanoparticles (less than 100 nm) are always more toxic -- in producing inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs of animals- than fine particles (100 nm to 3 microns)
|
From page 159... ...
AP P e N d i xd The researchers concluded that the health impacts of nanoparticles must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, as health risk is a product of hazard plus exposure. The health effects of nanoparticles will reflect their number, shape, and composition (whether they are crystalline or amorphous)
|
From page 160... ...
0 A M A t t e r o fSi z e developing a testing strategy, to ensure that we are investigating the materials that people will actually be exposed to. Although we should use caution in generalizing about the toxicity of nano materials, we cannot measure the EHS effects of thousands of individual particles.
|
From page 161... ...
AP P e N d i xd tion of nanotechnology's risk and benefits, we will continue to repeat problems from the past. According to the U.S.
|
From page 162... ...
A M A t t e r o fSi z e The National Nanotechnology Initiative is well situated to promote a collabora tive approach and better communication between nanotechnologists and the EHS community. Toward that end efforts are needed under the NNI to publicly identify all existing and proposed EHS research, including at national laboratories, and to clarify whether such research is addressing implications or applications.
|
From page 163... ...
AP P e N d i xd because paper products are already used extensively in conjunction with medicine and food, and the properties of cellulose are generally compatible with human health and the environment. The industry is already using existing nanotechnology to a limited extent.
|
From page 164... ...
A M A t t e r o fSi z e · Exploring the efficient conversion of cellulose to renewable biofuels and biochemicals. Through its Agenda 2020, the industry is beginning to form partnerships with federal and state governments, academia, and other industries to pursue this agenda.
|
From page 165... ...
AP P e N d i xd Intel collaborates with other companies such as DuPont in benchmarking EHS activities and also asks its university suppliers,as well as nanotech start-ups in which it is investing, to adhere to its EHS standards. However, the industry is unsure if today's techniques for addressing EHS concerns are adequate for nanotechnology To support the needed research, Intel participates in the NNI and is a founding sponsor of the International Council on Nanotechnology, whose mission includes EHS concerns.
|
From page 166... ...
A M A t t e r o fSi z e Soldier Nanotechnologies contemplates a similarly radical enhancement of human capacity. The question is not just whether these outcomes might occur, but when and how.
|
From page 167... ...
AP P e N d i xd Rosalyn W Berne Associate Professor of Ethics and Religious Studies, Department of Science, Technology, and Society, University of Virginia Ethics seeks to identify principles that govern human choices and behaviors.
|
From page 168... ...
A M A t t e r o fSi z e to develop, and under what conditions we should use them. Such ethics would also ask: Who will provide the specialized retraining needed to operate these new systems?
|
From page 169... ...
AP P e N d i xd In fact, the imaginative dimensions of morality are critical. For example, how might moral imagination prompt us to turn the military uses of nanotechnology toward preserving human life and the planet?
|
From page 170... ...
0 A M A t t e r o fSi z e less invasive treatments with fewer side effects, and taking care of basic health care needs such as cavities. Participants cited environmental cleanup and protection as the next most important desired benefit from nanotechnology, followed by better jobs and a stronger economy, better consumer products, and new materials for exploring deep space and water.
|
From page 171... ...
AP P e N d i xd tled "Informed Public Perceptions of Nanotechnology and Trust in Government" released in 2005 by the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the Pew Charitable Trusts. The report is based on a study conducted to assess general public perceptions, which provided evidence of support for nanotechnology and its benefits, more public involvement in information sharing about nanotechnology products and developments, and a general mistrust of the government to manage technology-related risks.
|
From page 172... ...
A M A t t e r o fSi z e risks of nanotechnology." ICON includes representatives from academia, govern ment, nongovernmental groups, and companies from numerous industrial sectors. ICON is based on a network model, to enable all these stakeholders to interact.
|
From page 173... ...
AP P e N d i xd cal nanomaterials -- such as the degree of twist in carbon nanotubes -- can affect their electrical conductivity. The upside of these properties is an enormous range of possible applications, many with potential environmental and health benefits.
|
From page 174... ...
A M A t t e r o fSi z e the market, as well as more interagency coordination and authority to address crosscutting impacts. The first step is to acknowledge that nanomaterials differ from bulk materials.
|
From page 175... ...
AP P e N d i xd Second, if people made decisions based exclusively on facts, we would not need systematic rules of scientific inquiry in the first place. The second model is called the "cognitive miser" model.
|
From page 176... ...
A M A t t e r o f Si z e Washington Post, while the New York Times has assigned a business reporter to such coverage. Science and business media not only inform their audiences but likely "frame" nanotechnology positively.
|
From page 177... ...
AP P e N d i xd Denison, Richard A., Environmental Defense.
|
From page 178... ...
A M A t t e r o f S i z e Kalpin, M.C., and M Hoffer.
|
From page 179... ...
AP P e N d i xd Reynolds, G.H.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.