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Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants Volume 2 (2007) / Chapter Skim
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Introduction
Pages 1-8

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From page 1...
... requested that the National Research Council (NRC) provide guidance on how to develop water exposure guidelines and subsequently review NASA's development of the exposure guidelines for specific chemicals.
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From page 2...
... Other sources of chemical contaminants include mechanical leaks, microbial metabolites, payload chemicals, biocidal agents added to the water to retard bacterial growth (such as silver and iodine) , fouling of the filtration system, and incomplete processing of the water.
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From page 3...
... Data from oral exposure studies should be used -- particularly drinking water and feed studies in which the duration of exposure approximates anticipated human exposure times. Gavage studies can also be used, but they should be interpreted carefully because they involve the bolus administration of a substance directly to the stomach within a brief period of time.
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From page 4...
... Use of the lower confidence limit provides a suitable method to incorporate experimental uncertainty. However, the use of a central estimate of the benchmark dose, with incorporation of an additional uncertainty factor to account for experimental variation, may be more appropriate for certain kinds of data.
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From page 5...
... The latter factors are used to account for uncertainties associated with microgravity, radiation, and stress. Some of the ways astronauts can be physically, physiologically, and psychologically compromised include decreased muscle mass, decreased bone mass, decreased red blood cell mass, depressed immune systems, altered nutritional requirements, behavioral changes, shift of body fluids, altered blood flow, altered hormonal status, altered enzyme concentrations, increased sensitization to cardiac arrhythmias, and altered drug metabolism.
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From page 6...
... The committee reviews NASA's SWEG documents and provides comments and recommendations in a series of interim reports (see NRC 2000c,d,e; 2001; 2002; 2003; 2004b,c; 2005)
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From page 7...
... Washing ton, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council)
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From page 8...
... Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council)
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Key Terms

  • water exposure
  • spacecraft water
  • uncertainty factors
  • spacecraft maximum
  • maximum allowable

  • airborne contaminants
  • selected airborne
  • allowable concentrations
  • exposure conversions
  • developing spacecraft

  • exposure guidance
  • human exposure
  • exposure data
  • spacecraft expo
  • guidelines set

  • selected contaminants
  • toxicity studies
  • developing swegs
  • chemical contaminants
  • lower confidence

  • experimental variation
  • benchmark dose
  • space station
  • bmd approach
  • exposure durations

  • animal exposure
  • exposure studies
  • exposure duration
  • chronic exposure
  • appropriate exposure


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