Joint U.S.-Mexico Workshop on Preventing Obesity in Children and Youth of Mexican Origin Summary (2007) / Chapter Skim
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2 Background
2 Background
Pages 15-32
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From page 15... ...
The onset of child diabetes used to be a more genetically determined disease, however, there now is a need to shift strategies because of the change in disease patterns. Jeffrey Koplan, chair of the Committee on Prevention of Obesity in Children and Youth, summarized highlights from the IOM report Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance (2005)
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From page 16... ...
. BOX 2-1 Implications for Children and Society: Physical, Social, and Emotional Health Consequences of Obesity Physical Health Emotional Health Glucose intolerance Low self-esteem Insulin resistance Negative body image Type 2 diabetes Depression Hypertension Dyslipidemia Social Health Hepatic Steatosis Stigma Cholelithiasis Negative stereotyping Sleep apnea Discrimination Orthopedic problems Teasing and bullying SOURCE: IOM (2005)
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From page 17... ...
However, although these elements might be contributory and important in childhood obesity prevention, the committee shared the view that a comprehensive study of the entire environment and all the sub-populations in the United States would be important in recognizing and understanding the elements' interrelations and how they impacted childhood obesity. To show the severity of the problem, Koplan presented Figure 2-2 with trend data for obesity prevalence from 1963 to 2002 among some U.S.
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The committee concluded that childhood obesity is a serious nationwide health problem with multi-factorial causes requiring a populationbased prevention approach and a comprehensive response. The committee also concluded that it is important to maintain energy balance for children and youth through the promotion of healthy eating behaviors and regular physical activity.
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Although changing societal norms may seem like an insurmountable task, there are examples of successful health programs that have effected changes in social norms in the United States, for example, highway safety, tobacco control, and attitudes toward drinking and driving. The IOM report's action plan includes a series of specific recommendations.
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From page 20... ...
Mexican authorities and society in general have not initiated preventative strategies. The information in this section summarizes presentations by the authors of the two background papers -- "Preventing Obesity in Mexican Children and Adolescents" and "Preventing Obesity in MexicanAmerican Children and Adolescents." For more details on the data available on obesity prevalence among Mexican and MexicanAmerican children and youth see Appendixes B and C, respectively.
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BACKGROUND 21 Other Hispanic 6% Central and South American 15% Cuban 4% Mexican Puerto Rican 66% 9% FIGURE 2-3 Percent distribution of Hispanics by type in the United States. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, March, 2000, PGP-4.
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From page 22... ...
Mendoza pointed to the fact that for many years the health and social concerns among Mexicans in the United States went unnoticed because the Mexican population was not large enough to be considered for surveys. Today Mexican Americans have problems with obesity, homicide, poverty, and accidents.
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From page 23... ...
, Mexican Americans show the highest obesity prevalence in both the 25- and 611-year-old boys. A similar conclusion is drawn from obesity prevalence data in girls.
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From page 24... ...
. Mendoza reminded the audience that the obesity epidemic for Mexican Americans is nothing new and was recognized from all the NHANES surveys; for the first time, however, it has been recognized publicly not only as a national issue but also as an issue that greatly affects Mexican Americans.
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Despite the limited information on potential risk factors associated with childhood obesity in Mexico, participants emphasized the urgency for key players to initiate preventative interventions for reversing the epidemic. RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD OBESITY This section summarizes the limited data on potential risk factors associated with childhood obesity in children and youth of Mexican heritage.
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During the discussion, Rivera commented that the positive relationship between obesity and socioeconomic level in children implies that any program that improves wages in the population might also result in increases in the prevalence of childhood obesity.
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The following sections underscore information on various factors, their interrelations, and their potential association with the obesity epidemic. Also, differences and similarities highlighted among the Mexican American and Mexican populations are presented.
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From page 28... ...
Lopez stressed that although the evidence supporting the hypothesis that these foods contribute to obesity is unclear, there is enough information to believe that the transition in dietary habits might be contributing to obesity in the Mexican population. Concomitant with this dietary transition period, the fast food industry has grown, and street food in Mexico is being made with less healthy options such as cheaper, less healthy cooking oils.
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From page 29... ...
. A literature review on physical activity revealed that free time physical activity self-reported by 913-year-old children and teenagers is similar in all the ethnic groups, but White, NonHispanics report much more participation in organized physical activity than African Americans or Hispanics; this finding may be related to unique barriers such as availability and expense to join an organized activity (i.e., entrance fees are required to join leagues)
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From page 30... ...
Also, the strength of the idea of family is very powerful in Hispanic families and may have some unintended consequences on attitudes toward physical activity. For example, the CDC Youth Media Campaign Longitudinal Survey found that Hispanic youth were taught to put family needs above their own needs and that physical activity for their own benefit may be discouraged (see also Appendixes B and C and IOM, 2006)
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From page 31... ...
2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance.
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From page 32... ...
2004. Nutrition transition in Mexico and in other Latin American countries.
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