Assessment of the NIOSH Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users (2007) / Chapter Skim
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2 Anthropometric Measurements
2 Anthropometric Measurements
Pages 29-42
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From page 29... ...
. Before the field study, Anthrotech prepared a measurer's handbook, which included illustrated instructions for measuring each dimension, as well as a table of values representing allowable measurement error for technicians.
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From page 30... ...
at the bottom of the nose Bitragion coronal arc: The surface distance between the right and left Bitragion chin arc: The surface distragion landmarks (see Box 2-2) tance between the left and right across the head in the coronal plane tragion landmarks across the anterior point of the chin
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at the deepInterpupillary breadth: The horizontal est point of the nasal root depression distance between the center of the left and the center of the right pupil
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on the temporal crest on each side of the forehead Nasal root breadth: The horizontal breadth of the nose at the level of the deepest depression of the root (sel lion landmark) and at a depth equal to one-half the distance from the bridge of the nose to the eyes Neck circumference: The distance around the exterior surface of the neck Maximum frontal breadth: The straight-line distance between the left and right zygofrontale landmarks at the upper margin of each bony eye socket Nose breadth: The straight-line distance between the right and left alare landmarks (see Box 2-2)
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33 ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURMENTS Nose protrusion: The straight-line distance between the pronasale landmark at the tip of the nose and the subnasale landmark under the nose. Stature: The vertical distance be tween the standing surface and the top of the head Subnasale sellion length: The straight-line distance between the subnasale landmark under the nose and the sellion landmark at the deepest point of the nasal root Weight: The subject's weight (in kg)
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BOX 2-2 LANDMARKS USED TO MAKE FACIAL MEASUREMENTS Frontotemporale: The point of deep Alare: The lateral point on the flare of est indentation of the temporal crest of the nose the frontal bone above the brow ridges Cheilion: The lateral point of the junc- Glabella: The anterior point on the ture of the fleshy tissue of the lips frontal bone midway between the with the facial skin at the corner of bony brow ridges the mouth
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35 ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURMENTS Gonion: The lateral point on the posChin: The protruding point on the terior angle of the mandible bottom edge of the chin, along the jaw line Infraorbitale: The lowest point on the Ectocanthus: The outside corner of anterior border of the bony eye socket the eye formed by the meeting of the upper and lower eyelids Subnasale: The point of the intersec tion of the philtrum (groove of the upMenton: The inferior point of the per lip) with the inferior surface of the mandible in the midsagittal plane nose, in the midsagittal plane
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Measurement errors may arise from: (1) human error, which in this case could include inaccurate and imprecise identification and placement of landmarks and dimension measurements from field technicians, in addition to other human errors such as data entry errors; (2)
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For example, if interobserver error is greater than intraobserver error, technicians can identify ways to improve the accuracy of their measures, which should decrease both inter- and intraobserver error. The NIOSH-sponsored Anthrotech study made special efforts to reduce human error, but did not adequately account for potential error in measurements.
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. The software products used for image manipulation included INTEGRATE, a UNIX-based 3D data visualization, analysis, and manipulation tool developed by the U.S.
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. The decision to focus solely on the traditional data and to ignore the 3D scan data is of concern because the 3D scan data have several advantages over traditional manually collected data, including the following: • 3D scan data generally have better resolution than caliper data and provide a more accurate and complete summary of the facial geometry.
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may be evaluated. A study of the precision of data collected from 3D scan images will require comparisons of relevant data sets at several levels, including (1)
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NIOSH should consider collecting and utilizing data from 3D scans, either alone, or in combination with traditional manually collected data, to ensure the most robust set of data are used to develop future an thropometric face panels. REFERENCES Aldridge, K., S
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From page 42... ...
2005. Head-and-face anthropometric survey of U.S.
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