Nutritional Risk Assessment Perspectives, Methods, and Data Challenges: Workshop Summary (2007) / Chapter Skim
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5 New Developments in and Challenges to Nutritional Risk Assessment
5 New Developments in and Challenges to Nutritional Risk Assessment
Pages 65-78
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From page 65... ...
Buchanan, John Milner addressed the roles of nutrigenomics and population variability in nutritional risk assessment and challenges that these factors present; Amy Subar reviewed dietary intake assessment methods, and described innovative methods to collect and analyze food and nutrient intake data; and Joanne Holden described the major U.S. source of food composition data, the expansion of these data, and uncertainties and data needs.
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From page 66... ...
An individual's response to dietary interventions will depend in part on his or her genetic background (nutrigenetic effects) , the cumulative effects of food components on genetic expression profiles (nutritional transcriptomic and nutritional epigenomic effects)
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From page 67... ...
" Candidates include essential nutrients but also many types of nonessential food components: • phytochemicals, such as carotenoids and isothiocyanates; • zoochemicals, such as conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids; • fungochemicals, especially compounds with biological activity that are found in mushrooms; and • bacteriochemicals, which are products formed during fermenta tion and compounds resulting from the action of the intestinal flora. The prioritization of dietary variables poses a substantial challenge.
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From page 68... ...
Potential Value of Genetic Information Genetic information may assist the nutritional risk assessment process in a number of ways, including the following: 1. the identification of people who must achieve minimum nutrient intakes to reduce their risk (e.g., see Wong et al., 2003)
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From page 69... ...
Amy Subar addressed the strengths and the limitations of major dietary intake assessment methods and introduced some innovative methods for the collection and analysis of data. Major Intake Assessment Methods Used in Population Studies and Their Strengths and Limitations The major intake assessment methods include food records or diaries, 24-hour dietary recalls, and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs)
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From page 70... ...
Limitations A major limitation of food records or diaries is that the process of recording food intakes influences the diet and may thus introduce bias. Moreover, the method requires literacy, imposes a large burden on both the respondent and the investigator, and is subject to sample selection bias.
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From page 71... ...
Strengths The strengths of FFQs include their low respondent burden, their attention to the usual individual intake of foods with one administration of the FFQ, the low cost of administration and processing of the FFQ, and the lack of an effect on eating behavior. Limitations FFQs lack detail, require literacy, are cognitively complex, and are subject to severe measurement error.
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From page 72... ...
In addition, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has developed an approach that combines dietary assessment methods to improve overall estimates of population intake distributions and individual intakes.
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From page 73... ...
The use of covariates allows direct evaluation of the effects of covariates on usual intake and helps correct for measurement error. The Food Propensity Questionnaire, an FFQ that asks about the long-term frequency of intake but not about portion sizes, could be used as a covariate in the NCI model.
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From page 74... ...
, the food industry, developers of secondary databases, databases in other nations and regions, the scientific literature, and limited food analyses conducted for specific studies. Joanne Holden described the work of USDA's Agricultural Research Service in relation to food composition data, highlighted the collaborative nature of the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP)
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From page 75... ...
NOTE: FCL = Food Composition Labo ratory, FDA = Food and Drug Administration, NFNAP = National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program, USDA = U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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From page 76... ...
Department of Health and Human Services, USDA, the food industry, and universities. The NFNAP effort includes the identification of key foods and nutrients for analysis, the evaluation of the quality of existing data, the development and implementation of a plan for the nationally based sampling of foods, the analysis of sampled foods using valid methods and rigorous quality control procedures, and the compilation and dissemination of representative estimates, including variability estimates.
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From page 77... ...
Key data needs include the following: • new food composition data to match changing food consumption patterns, • estimates of the contents of food components that are important to the public's health, • estimates of variability in foods (such as foods of different culti vars or from different geographical locations) , and • more specific data for brand-name products.
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