Protecting Building Occupants and Operations from Biological and Chemical Airborne Threats A Framework for Decision Making (2007) / Chapter Skim
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5 Analysis of Current and Prior Building Protection Programs and Studies
5 Analysis of Current and Prior Building Protection Programs and Studies
Pages 75-87
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From page 75... ...
Description In 1999, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) commissioned the design, development, and implementation of the Smart Building program, with the goal of demonstrating a comprehensive biological, chemical, and radiological protection system.
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From page 76... ...
Therefore, the Smart Building protection system for the fifth and sixth floors can be regarded as a high-level passive protection system (LP-2)
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From page 77... ...
Discussion The principal requirement of the Smart Building program was to ensure continuous operation of essential functions by OCC and JOC. Building protection for operational continuity was achieved primarily through LP-2-type options -- continuous overpressurization with filtered air of the fifth and sixth floors.
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has installed an early warning crisis management system to detect releases of threat agents in the subway (metro) system to aid immediate and medium-term response.
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Immune Building Program Demonstration Description In 2001, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated the Immune Building Program with the goal of making military buildings and their occupants less attractive targets for attack by biological and chemical
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It also included a development and demonstration program for new technologies that could be tested later in Phase 2 test beds or deployed as part of the operational demonstration. Concurrently, a modeling and simulation tool resource called the Building Protection Toolkit (BPTK)
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From page 81... ...
The primary response option for building protection is changing the state of the HVAC system to limit spread of the initially localized internal threat. The metrics used in the Immune Building Program are the fraction of building exposed (FBE)
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An important lesson learned is that test beds cannot be technology-only demonstrations; they must also demonstrate an integrated system that involves all components of an actual operating system including the response. Pentagon Description The building protection system of the Pentagon represents the highest standard among the protection systems that the committee examined, and it is continuously being evaluated and improved.
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From page 83... ...
Because of the breadth of the building types and the levels of protection required, only broad descriptions and observations can be made. The types of buildings being protected represented a variety of existing and new buildings, and the following conclusions are drawn from the deployments: • A case-by-case analysis is required.
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From page 84... ...
To a lesser degree, the toolkit provides real-time response to determine dosages of occupants after an event. The BPTK integrates a collection of resources from many developers and covers the following: • User input: architectural drawings, population data, scenarios involving different threat types, and external threat environments • Conversion tools: creation of three-dimensional building representations, databases, and models of threat types and Immune Building technologies; • Tools for assessing protective architectures: fast-running contaminant transport models -- both indoor and outdoor; occupant mobility models for evacuation and gaming; and graphical interfaces for investigating multiple threat scenarios and Immune Building technologies, including cost estimations The output of the toolkit captures the time-resolved history of FBE and FOE (metrics used in the Immune Building Program)
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From page 85... ...
for building protection from biological and chemical airborne threats is based on economic tools that allow decision makers to consider options for protection components, installation, operation, and maintenance of a system (NIST, 2007)
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In the case of airborne releases, the HVAC system can be an important weapon for thwarting or responding to an attack. Thus, these documents present a substantial reference library that can be used to guide building protection strategies that encompass risk management, physical security, protective technology, protective action, maintenance and commissioning to improve building security and response to attacks by using the HVAC system.
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From page 87... ...
CONCLUSION Information collected from test beds and current deployments is insufficient to provide comprehensive guidance on protection options for buildings across the DOD complex. Although many lessons were learned, the ability to extrapolate data and results that are specific to one facility to other facilities and situations is difficult to assess.
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