Review of the DoD-GEIS Influenza Programs Strengthening Global Surveillance and Response (2008) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 21-32
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Congress allocated $39 million to the Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (DoD-GEIS) to increase and improve its worldwide influenza surveillance network through upgrades of DoD domestic and overseas public health surveillance and laboratory capabilities.
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The genome of the 1918 influenza virus has been recently sequenced from RNA fragments obtained from archival and frozen lung tissue of viral pneumonia victims. From that analysis the extinct pandemic strain of 1918 was identified as an influenza A virus, subtype H1N1.
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. While the H5N1 virus of 1997 has not been detected subsequent to the culling of poultry in Hong Kong, the precursor virus found in the Guangdong geese in 1996 persisted in southern China; it has subsequently gone on to exchange various genes over time with unspecified avian influenza viruses to produce a series of highly pathogenic H5N1 descendants, some of which have spread to other parts of Asia, Europe, and northern Africa (Ducatez et al., 2006; Salzberg et al., 2007; Smith et al., 2006)
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Military Commission on Influenza provided crucial international leadership in surveillance and risk assessment in response to reports of potential influenza pandemics emerging in the Far East. Candidate strains isolated by the military or obtained through its Figure 1-1 overseas contacts greatly accelerated production and provision of vaccines in both pandemics.
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2 (NAMRU-2) in Jakarta, In TABLE 1-1 Primary DoD Overseas and Domestic Laboratories Receiving DoD-GEIS AI/PI Funding Date Laboratory Location Established Naval Medical Research Unit Jakarta, Indonesia 1970 No.
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The $39 million Congressional Supplement allocated in fiscal year 2006 by HR 2863 for pandemic and avian influenza -- which in turn prompted the IOM evaluation detailed in this report -- represented a fivefold increase in the annual GEIS budget and significantly enhanced the operations of both the GEIS-affiliated overseas and domestic laboratories (DoD-GEIS, 2006)
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The DoD-GEIS influenza surveillance network was established to monitor hostcountry populations in areas where little was known about disease epidemiology, and this network currently includes patient-enrollment sites in more than 20 countries in South America, the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, and central and southeast Asia (Canas et al., 2000)
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The committee was directed to provide advice on improving surveillance and response efforts in fiscal years 2006-2008 and to recommend additional surveillance and response efforts that could be undertaken to enhance the likelihood of early detection and timely response to an influenza pandemic. The committee was also required to provide recommendations for changes in support of surveillance and research related to avian influenza and pandemic influenza (AI/PI)
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Thereafter, committee members made site visits to recipients of the GEIS AI/PI supplement, including the five DoD overseas laboratories and NHRC and AFIOH. In March 2007, teams of two or three committee members each visited NMRCD in Lima; NAMRU-2 in Jakarta plus a trip to Phnom Penh, Cambodia; AFRIMS in Bangkok plus a trip to Kathmandu, Nepal; NAMRU-3 in Cairo; the USAMRU-K field site in Kisumu, Kenya plus a trip to Entebbe, Uganda; NHRC in San Diego; and AFIOH in San Antonio.
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1998. Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.
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2005. Avian influenza frequently asked questions.
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2007b. Cumulative number of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A/(H5N1)
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