Radiation Source Use and Replacement Abbreviated Version (2008) / Chapter Skim
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1 INTRODUCTION
1 INTRODUCTION
Pages 13-22
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From page 13... ...
The U.S. NRC took steps to remedy that situation, conducting voluntary surveys in 2004, 2005, and 2006 to learn the size and scope of the challenge entailed by source tracking and to establish 1 The terms radiation source and sealed source refer to encapsulated radioactive material.
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From page 14... ...
In addition, radiological safety is the central mission of the radiation protection systems recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection and the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Consideration of technological alternatives to radionuclide radiation sources also has been part of the radiation protection efforts (for an overview see Lubenau and Strom, 2002)
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From page 15... ...
. DEVELOPMENT OF A RADIATION SOURCE CATEGORIZATION SYSTEM Many of the radiation sources used throughout the world in medicine, industry, agriculture, research, and education are in the form of sealed sources, which are radioactive materials contained or bound in a solid material and encapsulated, typically in one or two welded stainless steel containers.
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From page 16... ...
, prioritization of regulatory resources, preparing for and responding to emergencies, optimizing security measures for radioactive sources, including potential malicious use, and addressing other issues. Basis for the IAEA Categorization System Radiation sources pose low risks to radiation workers and the public when they are managed safely and securely.
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From page 17... ...
This provides a relative ranking of radioactive sources and the practices in which they are used. Devices, including singlesource devices, are classified into five categories, according to their potential for causing harmful health effects if not managed safely and securely.
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From page 18... ...
of absorbing medium, which is 0.01 Gy. c Dose equivalent is defined as the dose multiplied by a radiation-weighting factor to account for the differences in biological harm to human organs that result from differences in radiation type and energy for the same physical dose received by the organ.
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From page 19... ...
The perceived benefits arise because a business believes that the radiation sources allow it either to accomplish tasks that may not be feasible with other available technologies or to accomplish these tasks less expensively than with other technologies. The costs borne by the business include both direct financial costs of use (capital and operating)
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From page 20... ...
While it may be possible to identify representative scenarios of RDD deployment or other acts of terrorism involving radiation sources, it is not possible to quantify the probabilities of these scenarios or how any particular type of radiation source contributes to them. Consequently, the committee cannot recommend a simple algorithm in seeking to identify desirable radiation source replacements.
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From page 21... ...
Step 4: Assess the implications for changes in other social costs, ΔOSC, of alternatives Alternative technologies may increase or decrease the other social costs involved in current use. For example, replacing radioactive sources with radiation generators may reduce disposal costs that are not currently borne by users (those that are not part of PUC)
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From page 22... ...
22 RADIATION SOURCE USE AND REPLACEMENT structure makes explicit the key considerations in evaluating implementation of alternatives, and enables the committee to discuss costs, even if they are not readily expressed in terms of dollars.
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