Radiation Source Use and Replacement Abbreviated Version (2008) / Chapter Skim
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SUMMARY
SUMMARY
Pages 3-12
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, which provides guidelines for countries in the development and harmonization of policies, laws, and regulations on the safety and security of radioactive sources. The IAEA Code of Conduct includes a categorization system for radionuclide radiation sources that provides a risk-based ranking of radioactive sources based on their potential for harm to human health under specific scenarios and for grouping of source use practices into discrete categories.
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of the Category 1 and 2 sources. The features of these and some other key radionuclide radiation sources are summarized in Table S-1.
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FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Finding 1: The radiation sources examined in this study are used in applications that are important to the nation's health, safety, and economic strength. High-activity radiation sources are used in the United States and other modern societies in a variety of ways: They are used in devices that improve the success of medical procedures -- ensuring that medical devices and implants are sterile, preventing fatal complications from bone marrow transplants, and providing noninvasive techniques for treating brain lesions; they are used in devices for inspecting the integrity of buildings, bridges, and industrial equipment; and they are used to seek out oil and gas resources deep in the ground.
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The U.S. NRC has ranked radiation sources in terms of hazard using the IAEA system of five source categories, determining that the Category 1 and 2 sources are "high-risk sources." The IAEA analyses supporting its source categorization system consider only deterministic health effects (such as early fatalities)
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NRC imposed enhanced security requirements on its materials licensees: Compensatory Measures for panoramic irradiators, Additional Security Measures for its manufacturers and distributors, and Increased Controls for licensees with Category 1 and 2 devices and sources. Compensatory Measures include fairly robust access controls and alarms with response by armed security personnel, along with other measures.
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There is no indication that replacement of devices containing Category 1 and 2 radioactive cesium chloride sources with lower hazard alternatives will improve or worsen the performance of the devices in their standard and proper uses. The act of replacement incurs monetary costs, and the replacements themselves currently cost more in most cases than the radioactive cesium chloride devices.
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Finding 4a: Nonradionuclide replacements exist for nearly all applications of Category 1 and 2 radionuclide sources (not just radioactive cesium chloride)
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Recommendation 4: In addition to actions related to radioactive cesium chloride, the U.S. government should adopt policies that provide incentives (market, regulatory, or certification)
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SUMMARY 11 americium-beryllium sources used in well logging and the challenges of data interpretation. The group should decide what obstacles are most important, but the issues might include development of new reference standards for these replacement tools, examination of the response of these tools relative to the americium-beryllium tools, and exploration of any differences in response when the replacement tools are used in combination with other nuclear and nonnuclear well logging tools.
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Gamma Knife (Blood Irradiation) Radiography Porosity Measurement Radionuclide Radiation Sources Radionuclide (a)
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