Increasing Capacity for Stewardship of Oceans and Coasts A Priority for the 21st Century (2008) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 The Challenges of Achieving Stewardship of Oceans and Coasts
2 The Challenges of Achieving Stewardship of Oceans and Coasts
Pages 16-28
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From page 16... ...
OCEAN AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND SERVICES Nearly 40% of the world's population is concentrated in the 100-km-wide strip of coast along each continent, although it comprises only 5% of the habitable land area on Earth (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005a)
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From page 17... ...
Extraction of resources, agriculture, forestry, urbanization, aquaculture, port dredging, and waste disposal are some of the human actions that can change the Provisioning Regulating Cultural Seafood Climate regulation Spirituality Habitat Disease and pest regulation Recreation Fuel wood Coastal protection Aesthetics Genetic resources Detoxification Education Sediment trapping Supporting Nutrient cycling Primary production Figure 2.1 Categories of ecosystem services and examples in ocean and coastal ecosystems. Source: Modified from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005b; United Nations Environment Programme, 2006.
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From page 18... ...
Human health, prosperity, and well-being depend directly on ecosystem services that operate on a variety fig 2-2 of spatial and temporal scales. Sources: Modified from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005b (reprinted with permission from World Resources Institute)
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From page 19... ...
With continuing alteration, many valuable ecosystem services could be lost According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 60% of global ecosystem services are degraded, and only 4 of 24 services are increasing (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005b; United Nations Environment Programme, 2006; Figure 2.3)
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From page 20... ...
Information to classify supporting services is insufficient. Sources: Modified from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005b; United Nations Environment Programme, 2006.
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From page 21... ...
Climate Change Climate change adds a dimension to the challenges of sustaining ocean and coastal resources. The consequences of a warming climate include inundation caused by sealevel rise; acceleration of coastal erosion; changes in the intensity, distribution, and frequency of tropical storms; shifts in precipitation patterns; changes in the distribution and abundance of valuable marine species, including marine mammals, fish, and coral; and the frequency of coral bleaching and death (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007)
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From page 22... ...
Hence, ocean acidification and higher surface water temperature could have dramatic effects on marine ecosystems and reduce the capacity of the ocean to moderate the climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Moving Toward OCEAN AND Coastal Stewardship and ECOSYsTEM-BASED Management Human uses of oceans and coasts (such as fishing and other resource extractions, coastal development, and tourism)
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From page 23... ...
The Role of Science in Ecosystem Stewardship and Governance Knowledge that is relevant to good stewardship comes from many sources, including elders, cultural practices, communities, local resource users, nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, governmental agencies, and academia. Ocean and coastal sciences, including relevant social sciences and applied sciences concerning the management and governance of ocean and coastal resources, are evolving.
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From page 24... ...
In many instances, similar types of ecosystems exist in geographically disparate parts of the globe (for example, coral reefs, mangroves, and coastal upwelling ecosystems)
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. New fields of scientific study are emerging in response to the increasing impact of human societies on ecosystems, particularly over the last decade (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005c, d; Lotze et al., 2006)
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New programs or mechanisms to connect fundamental academic marine science and scientists to the public, policy-makers, nongovernmental organizations, the mass media, and the private sector are beginning to emerge. Some programs, such as the Aldo Leopold Leadership Program (Box 2.1)
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From page 27... ...
Each year, up to 20 academic environmental scientists in North America are selected to receive intensive and analytic experiential training, expert consultation, and peer networking. During a two-week intensive training program, Leopold Leadership Fellows hone skills in communicating the science associated with complex environmental issues to the mass media, policy-makers, business leaders, and other nonscientists.
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From page 28... ...
28 INCREASING CAPACITY FOR STEWARDSHIP OF OCEANS AND COASTS take full advantage of new knowledge -- will be necessary to advance a global culture of stewardship. Modern information and communication training and technology should be included in the creation of capacity-building programs to share expertise and lessons learned locally, regionally, and globally.
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