21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium (2009) / Chapter Skim
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University-Industry Partnerships in Japan--Masayuki Kondo
University-Industry Partnerships in Japan--Masayuki Kondo
Pages 186-205
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From page 186... ...
Therefore, the question for policymakers and industry managers is how a nation can best use the science and technology capability of the two knowledge creating sectors, universities and public research institutes, to augment the science and technology capability of the industry sector for industrial innovation (Figure 2)
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From page 187... ...
, Japan Statistical Association, 2004; and Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, Research and Deelopment Statistics, 2004 Edition, Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2004. Public Sector Private Sector Joint Universities People Public Research Institutes Knowledge Industry Creation Accumulated Society S&T Knowledge Transfer Economy S&T Potential Personnel Business Star ting up Facilities FiGuRe 2 Question: How can we utilize S&T for society, economy, and business in a national innovation system?
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From page 188... ...
technology. kondo_03.eps Universities can contribute to industry innovation in three ways: knowledge transfer from universities to industry1; joint creation of knowledge by university and industry researchers; and formation of a new company based on university knowledge.
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From page 189... ...
Stokes, Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science kondo_04.eps and Technological Innoation, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1997. HiStoRical VieWS oF uniVeRSity-inDuStRy PaRtneRSHiPS in JaPan Though university-industry partnerships were not active in the 1960s and 1970s -- in part because of student political movements and campus disruptions, there is a long-standing tradition of cooperation in Japan.
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Jokichi Takamine, a scientist and millionaire living in the United States, pointed out the need for a National Science Research Institute. Prime Minister Ohkuma and influential business leader Baron Shibusawa were the key players in making this suggestion a reality.
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From page 191... ...
In the early days, RIKEN depended financially on the government subsidies despite the efforts to create revenue from R&D. Even in 1927, eleven years after its founding, the top revenue category was subsidies, which occupied more than a third of total revenue (Table 1)
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He created two new management philosophies -- science capital industry and intellectual management -- and two new production management methods -- combinatory management and rural industrialization .6 In science capital industry the dynamic forces of R&D and innovation create new industries with new products and production methods, and scientific knowledge plays the role of capital in capitalism. Typical Japanese capitalists at that time entered the business world with capital and made licensing agreement with overseas companies and bought equipment from overseas at high prices, whereas RIKEN entered the business world with its intellectual capital and entrepreneurship.
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From page 193... ...
Recent uniVeRSity-inDuStRy PaRtneRSHiPS in JaPan Forms of university-industry Partnership As described above, there are three ways to utilize the science and technology capability of the university sector for industrial innovation: jointly creating knowledge between university researchers and industry researchers, transferring university knowledge to the industry, and starting up new companies based on university knowledge.7 For each way there are some forms of university-industry partnership. For joint knowledge creation, a representative form is joint research.
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For joint knowledge creation, the government established a formal scheme of joint research in 1983. In addition, the government helped establish Collaborative Research Centers in national universities beginning in 1987 (Figure 5)
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. 9Some argue that the informal university-industry collaboration, such as the form of academic donation from companies, became formalized as joint research and that the real university-industry collaboration did not increase.
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From page 196... ...
83, 2005. universities absorbed new knowledge and established new technologies11 and those who collaborated with universities and public research institutes showed higher growth rates of profits.12 The increased collaboration between universities and industry appeared in paper co-authoring.
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50 Ratio to all papers (%) Universities 40 National research 30 institutes 20 Nonprofit organizations 10 Foreign 0 1988 1999 FiGuRe 7 Coauthorship between Company Researchers and University Researchers.
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From page 198... ...
However, science linkage has been weak in Japan. The science linkage is measured as the number of research papers per registered patent using patents registered in the United States.
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patents. 08.eps kondo_ NOTE: "Science linkage" is the number of cited scientific papers in the U.S.
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83, 2005. Cross- over Conventional Collaboration University Industry Research Institutes FiGuRe 9 Cross-over among industry, universities, and public research institutes.
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83, 2005. Data calculated by NISTEP based on Tsukuba University and Yokohama National University, "University Spin-off Survey FY2004." PRePublication coPy
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This is a part of the reason why a university is largely financed by public funds and/or is favorably treated regarding taxation Second, and more pragmatically, Japanese universities need to establish rules to avoid conflicts of interests at the working level.14 Student education should not be jeopardized by university-industry partnerships, and academic freedom needs to be guaranteed. In addition, insider transactions of equity shares should be avoided since universities and faculty members can now become equity share holders of academic spin-offs.
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From page 203... ...
Nonetheless, university-industry partnerships are important for sciencebased innovation in Japan. At the national level, they narrow the gap between Japanese high science and technology potential and low industrial performance help strengthen innovation capability of Japanese industry.15 Through universityindustry partnerships, Japanese universities are expected to strengthen the technology transfer process and to be exposed to competition in the global collaborative or sponsored research market.
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From page 204... ...
2005. "Spin-offs from Public Research Institutes as Domestic Technology Trans fer Means -- The Case of RIKEN and Riken Industrial Group." (In Japanese.)
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From page 205... ...
Washing ton, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Wen, Jiang, and Shinichi Kobayashi.
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