21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium (2009) / Chapter Skim
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Government's Evolving Role in Supporting Corporate R&D in the United States: Theory, Practice, and Results in the Advanced Technology Program--Stephanie Shipp and Marc Stanley
Government's Evolving Role in Supporting Corporate R&D in the United States: Theory, Practice, and Results in the Advanced Technology Program--Stephanie Shipp and Marc Stanley
Pages 57-76
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From page 57... ...
The role of ATP as a public-private partnering program extends from providing critical funding to early-stage technology projects, and also includes aspects of encouraging collaboration among firms and other organizations, fostering information exchange, and facilitating technology entrepreneurship activities. ATP's multi faceted evaluation program provides evidence that ATP is meeting its mission to support high-risk and innovative research by U.S.
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From page 58... ...
By assisting in the funding of early-stage technology development, ATP helps propel promising technologies from inention to innoation -- that is, make the transition from the laboratory to the marketplace, from demonstration of technical "proof of concept" to commercial introduction of a new technology product or service in the marketplace. During the process of early-stage technology develop ment, when technical feasibility and economic viability are yet to be proven, great risk and fundamental uncertainty characterize the endeavor, and in this context, funding for R&D is often unavailable.
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From page 59... ...
The other half of the criteria are based on the potential for broad-based economic benefits, including benefits to the economy and society that would result from developing the new technology, justification for the need for ATP funding, and a plan for how the technology, once developed, will be commercialized. Proposals that are submitted in response to ATP's announced competitions are peer-reviewed against the published selection criteria.
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From page 60... ...
Business reviewers look for the potential of the proposed technology to produce broad-based economic benefits to the nation, the need for ATP funding support, the proposed pathway to commercialize the technology and deliver economic benefit, and the experience and qualifications of the business staff assigned to 2For the U.S. Small Business Administration's definition of "small business," see |
From page 61... ...
The role of ATP as a public-private partnering program extends from providing critical funding to early-stage technology projects and includes encouraging collabora tion among firms and other organizations, fostering information exchange, and facilitating technology entrepreneurship activities.
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Knowledge Spillovers From R&D An important aspect of investment in R&D is that the knowledge benefits tend to "spill over" to others not directly involved in the original R&D work. When one company conducts research, other companies also receive benefits because the results of R&D often become more generally known through patents, publications, and other means of industry knowledge dissemination.
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From page 63... ...
innovation system as a funding source for earlystage technology development lies between basic scientific research and com mercial product development. Basic research is publicly supported by government because benefits from basic research are broadly diffused; the benefits are largely social benefits not limited to any person, firm, or organization conducting the research.
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From page 64... ...
partners with both small startup firms and more established firms, and also high lights how ATP can partner with angel investors and corporate funding sources in accelerating and supporting the development of early-stage technologies. For small startup firms, the ATP award provides critical funding support as well as benefits that extend beyond funding.
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From page 65... ...
From program purpose and design to final outputs, outcomes, and impacts, ATP's evaluation program measures these direct and indirect benefits. The National Research Council has praised ATP's evaluation program, stat ing that "The ATP assessment program has produced one of the most rigorous and intensive efforts of any U.S.
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From page 66... ...
EAO also provides business and economic expertise for ATP selection boards and locates expert business reviewers to review proposals. ATP's evaluation program goals are to meet external requests for ATP program results, to use evaluation as a management tool to meet program goals and to improve program effectiveness, to understand ATP's contribution to the U.S.
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From page 67... ...
A project can also end for ATP-initiated reasons, such as the project's failure to meet ATP project selection criteria or its shift away from the pursuit of high-risk research. In a very few cases, early success was the cause for early termination.
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From page 68... ...
Social return includes private returns to the partici pating company in the project, and public returns, including knowledge, network, and market spillover benefits to that company's customers or to other firms, and a variety of indirect benefits to other companies and their customers as a result of the diffusion of knowledge created from the project (see Jaffe 1997 and Chang, Shipp, and Wang 2002 for a historical description of this issue)
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From page 69... ...
These goals define how ATP projects affect the economy and society. ATP surveys can be viewed as a microcosm of our overall evaluation program at ATP.
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From page 70... ...
Project and Portfolio assessment Status reports are descriptive mini case studies for each completed ATP project written several years after ATP funding ends. Status reports address how well the project performed against ATP's mission objectives to create and disseminate knowledge via acceleration, collaboration, commercialization, and benefits to the economy beyond the firm or firms developing the ATP technologies.
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of ATP awardees expect a time horizon of four years or more on their proposed ATP projects, compared to one-third of nonawardees. PRePublication coPy
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From page 72... ...
A qualitative analysis is also included in the studies. One example of a benefit-cost study is Low-Cost Manufacturing Technology for Amorphous Silicon Detectors, a joint venture project funded by ATP in 1995 6Based on BRS survey data from 673 organizations in 347 ATP projects funded from 1993 to 1998, for projects with one or more years of ATP funding.
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From page 73... ...
Behavioral additionality has generally been ignored by econometric studies of the effects of R&D support that focus on input additionality, where estimates are made of additional R&D expenditure, or output additionality, whereby firm performance is compared between recipients and nonrecipients of public support. A one-time survey of joint ventures incorporated questions that asked about changes in firm behavior that resulted from having an ATP award.
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From page 74... ...
companies in pursuing early-stage, high-risk research to develop new technologies that have great potential for pro ducing broad-based national economic benefit. ATP funds industry-led research and development projects that have high technical risk and inventiveness and promising potential for broad economic impact.
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NIST GCR 02-841. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
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2003. Inter-Industry Diffusion of Technology That Results from ATP Projects: Prelimi nary Research of the Potential Impacts of ATP Funding.
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