Great Lakes Shipping, Trade, and Aquatic Invasive Species Special Report 291 (2008) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 7-16
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From page 7... ...
These stresses include cultural eutrophication, an accelerated process of nutrient and sediment concentration in a body of water caused by excessive human activity; toxic contaminants, such as heavy metals and synthetic organic chemicals; overfishing; habitat destruction; 7
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From page 8... ...
Given that the Great Lakes form a single system of interconnected lakes and rivers, it is widely acknowledged that many of the stresses imposed on the system by human activity can only be addressed effectively on a systemwide basis (see, for example, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Government of Canada 1995)
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From page 9... ...
The zebra mussel was by no means the first AIS to enter the Great Lakes on board a ship, but its explosive population growth resulted in clogged water pipes, drains, and vents and damage to docks, boats, power generation facilities, and water treatment plants. In addition, large numbers of zebra mussels washed ashore and rotted on Great Lakes beaches, leaving a foul odor and sharp-edged shells.
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From page 10... ...
Despite these various efforts, reports of new AIS introductions into the Great Lakes continue.4 Recent invaders include the mysid shrimp, Hemimysis anomala, and an amphipod, Gammarus tigrinus. 4 As discussed in Chapter 3, there may be a considerable time lag between the introduction of a new AIS and reports of its discovery.
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From page 11... ...
Canada and the United States have not been alone in their efforts to understand and prevent ship-vectored AIS introductions. For example, in 2001, Australia introduced mandatory ballast water management requirements to reduce the risk of introducing harmful aquatic organisms into the nation's marine environment through ships' ballast water (Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service 2007)
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From page 12... ...
. Identifying options that meet both project criteria simultaneously proved to be a key component of the committee's task and involved assessing the extent to which efforts to enhance the Great 5 The committee's task statement uses the term "nonindigenous aquatic species" in place of "AIS."
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From page 13... ...
At its third meeting, held in Irvine, California, in February 2007, the committee met with the authors of the commissioned papers to review their progress, discuss the major messages of their draft papers, and provide guidance for completing the drafts. The first day of the committee's fourth meeting, which was held in Toronto in May 2007, was devoted to a public meeting, Aquatic Invaders and Global Trade: Options for the Great Lakes Region.
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From page 14... ...
After a brief overview of the history of AIS introductions in the Great Lakes, Chapter 3 summarizes the role of ships' ballast water in introducing AIS and examines briefly the impacts of AIS introductions with reference to both highprofile and less studied invaders. The difficulties in interpreting historical trends in such introductions are then discussed in the context of efforts to assess the effectiveness of prevention measures.
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From page 15... ...
REFERENCES Abbreviations IMO International Maritime Organization NRC National Research Council Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service.
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From page 16... ...
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Government of Canada.
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