Internationalization of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Goals, Strategies, and Challenges (2009) / Chapter Skim
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APPENDIX B: WORKSHOP ON INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE
APPENDIX B: WORKSHOP ON INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE
Pages 99-134
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From page 99... ...
John Ahearne, chair of the National Academies' committee, observed that the increased interest in nuclear energy across the world was one motivation for this workshop because the increased use of nuclear energy may lead to the spread of enrichment and reprocessing technology, and therefore increased risk of nuclear proliferation. Ahearne went on to note that there have been several conferences on possible options for guaranteed nuclear fuel supply, and the joint NAS/RAS committees have been examining these various options.
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From page 100... ...
Tariq Rauf, director of the Office of External Affairs at the IAEA, expressed Director General Mohamed ElBaradei's support for this activity. He noted that the Academies' fuel cycle study is on a longer time frame than the IAEA study of these questions, and that the Director General will provide the IAEA Board of Governors with a new paper on new approaches in June 2007.
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From page 101... ...
Bulgaria has no final spent nuclear fuel storage facilities, and uranium mining was ceased 15 years ago. The main principles of Bulgaria's energy policy include a transparent and unbiased economic environment and investments in energy efficiency.
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From page 102... ...
has the right to "undertake the nuclear fuel cycle services that could generate the nuclear and common industries." The main objectives of the nuclear energy program are as follows: 1. short term – statement of nuclear options for long-term planning 2.
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From page 103... ...
Indonesia is considering the following policy options for nuclear fuel cycle services: 1. Natural uranium – purchase from diversified producer countries or produce domestically 2.
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From page 104... ...
Karyono: We have a once through fuel cycle policy with interim storage first. We have many uninhabited islands.
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From page 105... ...
After a long lull, which went beyond 20 years, the nuclear power project is being reconsidered in the context of the energy mix in Egypt for reasons and factors similar to those existing in other countries. Also, one cannot miss today's renaissance in nuclear energy.
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From page 106... ...
The latter could be guaranteed through reliable arrangements with the IAEA or regional organizations that would guarantee the fuel supply to its participants in the fuel cycle. This leads to the third question concerning the different proposals and initiatives, whether by the Director General of IAEA or by a number of leaders.
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From page 107... ...
The impact of energy security loss on the social-economic life of Armenia can be assessed by the bitter experience gained during the energy crisis of 1993-1995. Armenia is wholly dependent on outside energy sources.
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From page 108... ...
based on the principles of the "Economic Development of the Republic of Armenia within the Framework of the Energy Sector Development Strategy," which was approved by the Armenian Government. After considering a number of development scenarios, incorporating gas and oil price changes and environmental impact, they concluded that nuclear energy is the only option for base-load capacity in Armenia.
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From page 109... ...
We do not intend to develop enrichment capabilities, so Armenia is very interested in nuclear fuel cycle services, and it welcomes the formation of international fuel centers under the aegis of the IAEA. As a result of the studies conducted by the Ministry of Energy, the following action plan for the nuclear energy sector was accepted: implementation of all necessary steps toward continuous enhancement of safety levels at ANPP until its decommissioning; preparation and implementation of ANPP decommissioning procedures; resolution of the issue of construction of a new nuclear unit to replace the operating unit at the ANPP.
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From page 110... ...
Participating countries can be assured that fissile material ownership will not be changed. Also, Russia can now accept foreign spent fuel for long-term storage.
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From page 111... ...
"Australia's Current and Future Nuclear Fuel Cycle Activities," Ian Smith (Australia) Australia has more uranium than any other country and is interested in selling it.
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From page 112... ...
A cabinet-level response is imminent. Australia is most involved in the front and back ends of the fuel cycle through the supply of uranium and technology respectively.
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From page 113... ...
McDonald: Would Australia object to others pursuing assured fuel supply with other uranium? Smith: No, but the countries with uranium reserves were not included in the initial conversations, which was a major omission; we want to be part of the conversation now.
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From page 114... ...
There is no reason why a kind of technological privileged group should be established to the detriment of the rest of the whole international community nor any reason why a country with impeccable credentials like Argentina should renounce its legitimate rights to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes if it deems that it may be conducive to its technological development. Any approach that may imply that countries not willing to renounce their rights to develop elements of the nuclear fuel cycle in the future may encounter difficulties in accessing the market for nuclear fuel may act as an incentive to developing such facilities and the very notion of it may be in breach of NPT Article IV, which recognizes the pre-existing inalienable right of states to develop research, and production and other uses of peaceful nuclear technologies.
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From page 115... ...
Argentina does not see the need for multilateral approaches to the nuclear fuel cycle because there is no problem with markets. In the early 1990's, much forward progress was made.
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From page 116... ...
; and development of long-term interim storage of fuel assemblies (deferred decision on fuel cycle)
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From page 117... ...
3. Brazil has large uranium reserves, technology, and fully safeguarded industrial facilities for all open fuel cycle steps and could play an important role in future IAEA assurance of supply mechanisms such as a hosting a regional production center.
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From page 118... ...
set up new regional centers for uranium supply as well? Solonin: Let's assume there exists an international nuclear fuel cycle center, which can guarantee fuel over a reactor's life cycle and which is economically favorable.
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From page 119... ...
. Internationalization of the nuclear fuel cycle should be based on industry experience.
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From page 120... ...
. Gottemoeller: Has your emphasis on joint R&D work for "next generation fuels" added to interest in cooperating with international centers if there are enhanced opportunities for collaboration (e.g., on next generation technologies)
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From page 121... ...
There should be a strategy for spent fuel. Yang: Spent fuel is a headache; even an interim storage site is difficult to locate.
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From page 122... ...
No response. Ivanov: Russia has operated fast reactors for over 30 years, and it is a good example of how you can deal with nuclear waste and close the fuel cycle.
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From page 123... ...
Now there exists momentum to achieve something. The expansion of nuclear energy will call for new suppliers, new entrants, but under multilateral approaches (technology in a "black box")
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From page 124... ...
Article IV of the NPT gives the right to various fuel cycle elements. We have seen that people are most concerned about electricity, and that nonproliferation concerns (e.g., voiced by the Director General, the U.S., and Vladimir V
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From page 125... ...
Questions of nonproliferation and the creation of dual use fissile material will be problematic in the medium term. Practically, there are 3 possible groupings: countries with all nuclear fuel cycle elements willing to develop and help with development; countries thinking of developing nuclear fuel cycle elements; countries looking to develop NPPs.
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From page 126... ...
Developing a more international nuclear fuel cycle requires broad acceptance. We must convince others over time to cooperate.
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From page 127... ...
For example, consider a country with several fast reactors that need the fissile material for operation; that country would undertake reprocessing. Now, the fuel cycle is focused on enrichment, this will shift to joint R&D and joint systems (e.g., fast reactors)
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From page 128... ...
There is a distinction between a fuel bank (no sign up) and an international fuel cycle center (sign up and pay)
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From page 129... ...
The "haves" telling the "have nots" is too complicated and too expensive; this is unacceptable. Saying that the enrichers are virtually proliferators presumes that the countries want to proliferate instead of just developing civil nuclear energy, which is the reality in most cases.
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From page 130... ...
. There is an opportunity for a multilateral closing of the fuel cycle, in a manner to maximize energy extraction while minimizing waste.
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From page 131... ...
The goal is to reduce the incentives for domestic nuclear fuel cycle capabilities.
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From page 132... ...
An international system is not needed for Russia alone, we have good experience in all steps of the nuclear fuel cycle, including fast reactors. Instead, we need to combine our efforts.
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From page 133... ...
Yang, Chang-Kook, Korea Nuclear Fuel Company, Ltd. Russian Federation Bezzubtsev, Valery S., Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Atomic Supervision of the Russian Federation Bychkov, Alexander V., Federal State Unitary Enterprise "State Scientific Center of Russian Federation"; Research Institute of Atomic Reactors Ivanov, Valentin B., Member of the State Duma Russian Parliament Lushnikova, Liudmila, Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences Myasoedov, Boris F., Russian Academy of Sciences Petrov, Vladislav A., Institute for Ore Deposits Geology, Petrography, Minerology and Geochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences Shiyan, Yuri K., Russian Academy of Sciences Solonin, Michael I., TVEL Corporation Zmeyevsky, A., Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the International Organizations in Vienna Switzerland Kelly, Julian, Association for Regional and International Underground Storage (ARIUS)
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From page 134... ...
Fetter, Steve, University of Maryland Gottemoeller, Rose, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Guenther, Rita, The National Academies Humphrey, Marc, The National Academies Levenson, Milton, Bechtel International (retired) Lowenthal, Micah, The National Academies Starz, Anne, Permanent Mission of the USA to the UN Organizations in Vienna International Atomic Energy Agency Forrstroem, Hans, Department of Nuclear Energy McDonald, Alan, Department of Nuclear Energy Planning and Economic Studies Rauf, Tariq, EXPO -- Verification & Security Policy Coordination Simpson, Fiona, EXPO -- Verification & Security Policy Coordination
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