Countering Terrorism Biological Agents, Transportation Networks, and Energy Systems: Summary of a U.S.-Russian Workshop (2009) / Chapter Skim
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17 IAEA Activities in Preventing Radiological and Nuclear Terrorism--Miroslav Gregoric
17 IAEA Activities in Preventing Radiological and Nuclear Terrorism--Miroslav Gregoric
Pages 173-185
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From page 173... ...
Similar concern relates to the risk of a sabotage of nuclear or other facilities or transport with radioactive material. SPECTRUM OF TARGETS More than 120,000 nuclear weapons have probably been produced in the world in the past 60 years.1 Many were dismantled after the cold war, but the number of existing ones is estimated at more than 25,000.2 These weapons and related nuclear materials are clearly outside the mandate and statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
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From page 174... ...
In total there are more than 3 million radioactive sources worldwide. Operations at nuclear facilities and the use of radioactive sources also depend on the transport of nuclear or other radioactive materials.
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From page 175... ...
It includes the Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM) ,10 with 126 parties; the CPPNM amendment,11 adopted by consensus in 2005 with 9 ratifications so far; the Nuclear Terrorism Convention of 2005, 12 with more than 100 signatories so far and 20 ratifications; and United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
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From page 176... ...
States with APs in force are also required to provide information to the agency, inter alia, on research and development activities related to the nuclear fuel cycle but not involving nuclear material. • Export and import controls: IAEA comprehensive safeguards agreements require states to report exports and imports of nuclear material to the agency.
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From page 177... ...
The document sets physical protection objectives and fundamental principles and expands the scope of punishable acts related to nuclear material or facilities that states must prosecute. These include, among others, intentional acts involving nuclear material without lawful authority, infliction of substantial damage to the environment, smuggling of nuclear material, sabotage of a nuclear facility, organization or direction of others to commit an offense, and acts by groups of persons.
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From page 178... ...
UNSC Resolution 1540 The UNSC Resolution 1540, which is binding for states, focuses on preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons. It specifically addresses concerns regarding terrorism and illicit trafficking, obliges all states to enforce effective measures to prevent proliferation, and specifically references the need to develop and maintain appropriate physical protection measures and accounting for nuclear material.
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From page 179... ...
It also includes an obligation to cooperate, share information, and inform the UN secretary general and the IAEA. States parties are "to make every effort to adopt appropriate measures to ensure the protection of radioactive material, taking into account relevant recommendations and functions of the International Atomic Energy Agency." IAEA STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES CONTRIBUTING TO NUCLEAR SECURITY There are several IAEA documents from the safety area contributing to nuclear security, such as the International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources (Safety Series No.
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From page 180... ...
They provide a platform for national and international efforts to improve physical protection of nuclear material, particularly in their use, storage, and transport. The document underlines the need for a security culture to be implemented at all levels.
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From page 181... ...
So far, more than 30 INSSPs have been developed, of which 12 have been transmitted formally to states for agreement. Most relevant to the physical protection of nuclear materials and facilities are the International Physical Protection Advisory Service (IPPAS)
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From page 182... ...
Other types of missions offer states reviews and advice regarding their regulatory infrastucture for safety and security of radioactive sources and for emergency preparedness and response arrangements. HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: EDUCATION AND TRAINING To assist states in establishing and maintaining effective nuclear security, a variety of training courses, seminars, and workshops at the international, regional, and national levels are offered.
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From page 183... ...
TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS AND UPGRADES IAEA is assisting states in upgrading their physical protection systems for nuclear and other radioactive material and associated facilities and in improving their border detection and monitoring equipment for customs, police, and border police that have been identified through the nuclear security services and are a part of the INSSP. As in the past, IAEA supports national efforts to increase nuclear security during major public events by providing relevant equipment and
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From page 184... ...
Security measures are an essential element of threat reduction. To further improve nuclear security worldwide, the international community should strive for universal adherence to international nuclear-security-related instruments and their implementation, including continued use of IAEA nuclear security advisory services and the Nuclear Security Series documents.
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From page 185... ...
dirac/default.shtm. 10 The Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material.
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