Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs Phase I. Proposed Approach for Recommending Revisions (2008) / Chapter Skim
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4 Food and Nutrient Needs of Schoolchildren
4 Food and Nutrient Needs of Schoolchildren
Pages 61-88
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From page 61... ...
The first section addresses the children's reported food intakes, and the second addresses children's estimated energy and nutrient intakes. The chapter concludes with the identification of food groups and nutrients under consideration for special attentions during Phase II of the study.
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From page 62... ...
TABLE 4-1 Key Data Sources Used to Assess Food and Nutrient Needs of Schoolchildren 2008 Diet Quality Reporta SNDA-IIIb Data reviewed by the Committee One-day food group intakes based on √ ⎯ MyPyramid* Usual nutrient intakes √ √ BMI Distribution √ ⎯ Sample • Children (ages 5–18 years)
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From page 63... ...
Moreover, as discussed later in this chapter, the SNDA-III data provide suggestive evidence that the intakes of children ages 6–8 years and females ages 9–13 years may have been overreported and that intakes of adolescents ages 14–18 years, particularly males, may have been underreported. It is likely that comparable over- and underreporting occurred in the NHANES data used in the 2008 Diet Quality Report; however the committee did not have access to data that would elucidate this issue.
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From page 64... ...
Lack of Data on Supplement Intake Nutrient intakes from both the 2008 Diet Quality Report and SNDA-III are based on intakes from food and beverages only. They do not include intakes from dietary supplements or overthe-counter medicines.
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From page 65... ...
4 To promote the intake of the recommended amounts of nutrients, food intake patterns specify five subgroups for vegetables (dark green vegetables, orange vegetables, legumes, starchy vegetables, and other vegetables) and two subgroups for grains (whole grains and other grains)
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From page 66... ...
Peach pie, for example, provides fruit that is credited to the fruit group and flour that is credited to the grains group, but the sugar and shortening would be credited to discretionary calories. To obtain the disaggregated food-level data needed to estimate MyPyramid food group intakes, the authors of the 2008 Diet Quality Report linked the foods reported in NHANES 24hour recalls to the MyPyramid Equivalents Database for USDA Survey Food Codes (USDA, 2006b)
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From page 67... ...
The committee compared the published values for children's mean intakes of MyPyramid food groups to MyPyramid food intake patterns for specific calorie levels. The calorie levels chosen (1,600 calories for children ages 6–8 years, 2,000 calories for children ages 9–13 years, and 2,400 calories from children ages 14–18 years)
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From page 68... ...
TABLE 4-2 Mean Daily Amounts of MyPyramid Food Groups Consumed Compared with a 1,600 Calorie MyPyramid Food Intake Pattern, Children Ages 5–8 Years Percentage of the MyPyramid MyPyramid Food Food Group or Food Intake Pattern Mean Daily Recommendation Component of 1,600 Calories Consumption Consumed Total fruit (cup equiv) 1.5 1.2 80 Total vegetables (cup 2 0.9 45 equiv)
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From page 69... ...
TABLE 4-3 Mean Daily Amounts of MyPyramid Food Groups Consumed Compared with a 2,000 Calorie MyPyramid Food Intake Pattern, Children Ages 9–13 Years Percentage of the MyPyramid MyPyramid Food Food Group or Food Intake Pattern of Mean Daily Recommendation Component 2,000 calories Consumption Consumed Total fruit (cup equiv) 2 0.9 45 Total vegetables (cup 2.5 1.1 44 equiv)
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From page 70... ...
TABLE 4-4 Mean Daily Amounts of MyPyramid Food Groups Consumed Compared with 2,400 Calorie MyPyramid Food Intake Pattern, Children Ages 14–18 Years Percentage of the MyPyramid MyPyramid Food Food Group or Food Intake Pattern of Mean Daily Recommendation Component 2,400 calories Consumption Consumed Total fruit (cup equiv) 2 1 50 Total vegetables (cup 3 1.3 43 equiv)
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From page 71... ...
Data presented in the 2008 Diet Quality Report indicate that whole fruits accounted for about 40 to 50 percent of children's total fruit intakes (USDA, 2008l)
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From page 72... ...
to estimate usual intake distributions and to apply the DRIs. Estimating Usual Nutrient Intakes The usual intake of a nutrient is an individual's long-term average intake of that nutrient (NRC, 1986)
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From page 73... ...
. The 2008 Diet Quality Report and SNDA-III provided data on children's intakes of calcium, potassium, fiber, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid by comparing the estimated mean intakes with the AI.
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From page 74... ...
Both the 2008 Diet Quality Report and SNDA-III provide data on the proportions of children whose usual intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol exceeded the maximum intakes recommended. Results and Discussion In considering estimates of children's usual nutrient intakes, emphasis is given to the data from SNDA-III.
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From page 75... ...
An important note is that the NHANES data from the 2008 Diet Quality Report lead to qualitatively similar conclusions about the adequacy and the potential excesses of children's usual nutrient intakes (specific point estimates may vary)
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From page 76... ...
, but rare for other agegender subgroups. TABLE 4-6 Estimated Prevalence of Inadequacy of Selected Vitamins, Minerals, Protein, and Carbohydrate Among Schoolchildren Based on Usual Nutrient Intakes from SNDA-IIIa Estimated Prevalence of Inadequate Usual Intakes (%)
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From page 77... ...
Furthermore, the committee recognizes, however, that the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee accepted the DRIs for vitamin E (HHS/USDA, 2004) and, in turn, Dietary Guidelines for Americans states that vitamin E may be a nutrient of concern because of low intakes (HHS/USDA, 2005)
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From page 78... ...
However, when mean intakes are substantially lower than the AIs, there may be reason to be concerned about inadequacy. TABLE 4-7 AIs and Mean Reported Usual Intakes of Calcium, Potassium, and Fiber of Schoolchildren on the Basis of Usual Nutrient Intakes from SNDA-III 6–8 yr, both 9–13 yr, 14–18 yr, 14–18 yr, genders 9–13 yr, males females males females Nutrient (n = 343)
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From page 79... ...
Neither of the published analyses of usual nutrient intakes reviewed by the committee includes data on vitamin D intakes. Release 20 of USDA's National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, the authoritative source of food composition data in the United States, contains vitamin D contents of only about 600 foods, whereas the vitamin C content of about 1,100 foods is listed (USDA/ARS, 2008)
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From page 80... ...
For males, the mean reported energy intake was roughly 300 calories less than the 12 Compared with the findings from SNDA-III, the mean usual energy intakes reported in the 2008 Diet Quality Report, based on data from the NHANES 1999–2004 (USDA, 2008l) , were comparable for the youngest children (mean of 1,912 calories for children ages 5–8 years)
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From page 81... ...
13 Compared with the findings from SNDA-III, the mean usual energy intakes reported in the 2008 Diet Quality Report, based on data from NHANES 1999–2004 (USDA, 2008l) , were comparable for males (mean equals 2,635 calories)
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From page 82... ...
, and about 8 percent had usual carbohydrate intakes that fell below the lower bound of the AMDR. TABLE 4-9 Percentage of Schoolchildren with Reported Usual Intakes of Macronutrients Outside the AMDR Range, Based on Usual Nutrient Intakes from SNDA-III 6–8 yr, both 9–13 yr, 14–18 yr, 14–18 yr, genders 9–13 yr, males females males females Nutrient (n = 343)
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From page 83... ...
. TABLE 4-10 Percentage of Schoolchildren with Reported Usual Intakes of Sodium that Exceeded the UL, Based on Usual Nutrient Intakes from SNDA-III 6–8 yr, both 9–13 yr, 9–13 yr, 14–18 yr, 14–18 yr, genders males females males females Parameter (n = 343)
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From page 84... ...
Saturated fat and cholesterol Percentages of schoolchildren with reported usual intakes that exceed recommended limits for saturated fat and cholesterol, as specified by the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, are shown in Table 4-11. TABLE 4-11 Percentages of Schoolchildren with Reported Usual Intakes that Exceed Recommended Limits for Saturated Fat and Cholesterol,a Based on Usual Nutrient Intakes from SNDA-III 6–8 yr, both 9–13 yr, 14–18 yr, genders 9–13 yr, males females 14–18 yr, females (n Nutrient (n =343)
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From page 85... ...
However, the high prevalence of inadequate intakes estimated for adolescent females could be influenced by underreported food intakes. The calcium intakes by children ages 6–8 years appear to be adequate.
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From page 86... ...
Three-quarters or more of children in all age groups had usual intakes of sodium that exceeded the UL, and in most cases, the prevalence of excessive intakes exceeded 90 percent. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS This review has identified a number of foods and nutrients for which a notable proportion of children have intake levels inconsistent with recommended intake levels (Table 4-12)
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From page 87... ...
Furthermore, while intakes of trans fatty acids also could not be measured, trans fatty acids will be considered as appropriate by the committee during Phase II. b Data for children age 5 years were included in the food intake data.
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