Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs Phase I. Proposed Approach for Recommending Revisions (2008) / Chapter Skim
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This report focuses on how to determine what can be done to help make the meals provided through the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program more consistent with the current understandings about the diet and health of the children of the United States. The National School Lunch Program alone now serves more than 30 million children per day.
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This Phase I report provides • an overview of the school meal programs and the participants; • an overview of reasons for updating program standards; • the Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements currently in use; • topics relevant to updating the Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements; • the working principles and criteria that the committee will use to guide its efforts; and • descriptions of the methods that the committee proposes that it will use to develop recommendations for revisions, including o an assessment of the nutrient and food needs of schoolchildren, o a planning model that addresses nutrients and foods and the assumptions on which the model is based, and o methods for incorporating sensitivity analyses and addressing cost implications and market effects. Topics related to the competitive foods offered in schools (e.g., foods available in vending machines, at snack bars, and à la carte)
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outline the proposed criteria and process to be used to develop recommended revisions to the Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for both meal programs, (2) discuss how the concepts presented in Institute of Medicine reports and focused on the application of Dietary Reference Intakes to planning and assessment will be applied to school meals in Phase II, and (3)
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4 NUTRITION STANDARDS AND MEAL REQUIREMENTS Planning Model NUTRITION STANDARDS • Nutrition Standards – Goals for School Meals – -- Foundation of school meals -- Established by USDA and specified in regulation "Nutrient Standards" for -- Nutrient Standards currently reflect age-grade groups required nutrients as calculated quantities for age-grade groups • Meal Requirements implement the Nutrition Standards MEAL REQUIREMENTS -- Established by USDA and specified in regulation • Meal Requirements consist of Meal Standards Meal Standards standards for two types of menu for for planning approaches Food-Based Nutrient-Based Menu Planning Menu Planning • Menu planning approach is selected by the school food authority and menus are developed at the local level • Meal -- as offered -- to the student Meal Meal must meet the as offered standard Offered Offered for the menu planning approach • Meal selected by student -- as served -- must meet the as served Meal Meal Served Served standard for the menu planning approach Reimbursability of Meal • Components of child's meal Established checked by cashier Child Consumes Meal FIGURE S-1 Current path to a nutritious school lunch and breakfast.
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a. School meals, when they are consumed, should improve food and nutrient intakes, and those intakes that are inadequate or excessive in schoolchildren should specifically be targeted.
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The committee plans to use iterative processes to derive the recommendations that best meet all four criteria. BOX S-2 Proposed Criteria for the Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program Criterion 1.
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assessing the dietary intakes of food groups, food subgroups, and nutrients by schoolchildren to identify the food and nutrient intakes of concern for selected age groups; 3. examining various approaches to planning the nutritional aspects of school meals so that the recommendations for revisions to the Nutrition Standards and the Meal Requirements may be effectively incorporated into the requirements for the meals; and 4.
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Mean food group intakes that are below MyPyramid recommendations do not necessarily indicate inadequate nutrient intake, but they do suggest that improvements to the diet would be consistent with current Dietary Guidelines for Americans and with relevant Dietary Reference Intakes. For all children ages 5–18 years, the mean intakes of total vegetables, fruit, whole grains, total meat and beans, and milk were found to be less than the MyPyramid recommendations.
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to set school meal nutrient targets and the use of USDA MyPyramid food group recommendations as food intake targets. The term target is used here to represent a major but preliminary part of the process of setting Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for the school meal programs.
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Furthermore, while intakes of trans fatty acids also could not be measured, trans fatty acids will be considered as appropriate by the committee during Phase II. b Data for children age 5 years were included in the food intake data.
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To achieve the planning objectives, the committee will consider recommending that school meal food targets be emphasized in the development of the Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for school meals. In particular, the committee may begin by using the MyPyramid food plans as the basis for the school meal targets and then assess projected nutrient intake distributions (using information about the shape of current intake distributions)
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food intake sample menus with respect to improved adherence to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2. possible effects of nutrient intake contributions from school meals with respect to the prevalence of inadequacy and excessive intake as defined by the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
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Sensitivity analyses and considerations of cost implications will be integrated with the development of its recommendations. In other words, by applying the four criteria to potential Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements and then finding a balance among those criteria, the committee will be using a holistic approach to its task.
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