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11 Ethanol
Pages 190-205

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From page 190... ... However, a large quantity of them focus on the health consequences of oral consumption and abuse of ethanol and have limited relevance to inhalation exposures in a spacecraft environment. As documented in Volume 3, the overall lack of information on inhalation exposures seems to be driven by the presumption that exposures to ethanol vapors are not widely applicable and that ethanol vapors have low toxicity and are a minimal health risk. Read the entire page →
From page 191... ... ISS MONITORING DATA Volume 3 was written before NASA's full involvement with ISS and thus does not contain information on the relevance of ethanol in that environment or on monitored concentrations of ethanol in the ISS atmosphere. As a compound potentially used in a variety of spacecraft applications, ethanol can be introduced to the ISS atmosphere through many sources, including cleaning products such as alcohol wipes, payloads, substances in medical kits, and crew hygiene products. Read the entire page →
From page 192... ... For the irritation and flush response ACs, the 7- to 180-d ACs were set lower than the 1- and 24-h ACs not because of exposure time considerations but because a small margin of discomfort is allowable for the shorter-term ACs. CONSIDERATION OF NEW DATA The subsequent sections discuss new data available on the potential effects of inhalation exposure to ethanol. Read the entire page →
From page 193... ... Flush response 4,000 4,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 a a Hepatotoxicity N/A N/A 2,000 2,000 2,000 a For hepatotoxicity, it was determined that non-narcotic exposures could not cause the relevant effects during these exposure time frames. Source: James 1996. Read the entire page →
From page 194... ... defined. Variable response with variable exposures up to 3,600 mg/m3 was also exposure consistent with clean air, but the authors do not adequately (n=16) Read the entire page →
From page 195... ... The authors evaluated individual responses to a computer-based battery of performance tests (represented by the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery) at different oral ethanol exposures (BECs of 150, 125, 100, 75, and 50 mg/dL) Read the entire page →
From page 196... ... They developed a PBPK model to allow predictions of peak BECs in humans. The authors reported that the model accurately predicted the pharmacokinetics of ethanol in their inhalation study in mice and rats and was consistent with observed peak BECs for human males reported in the literature (primarily Lester and Greenberg 1951) Read the entire page →
From page 197... ... noted that inhalation exposure concentrations would have to be increasing on a stepwise basis for BECs to be sustained to a point where sustained hepatic effects might be observed. The authors concluded that "the ethanol vapor inhalation technique does not induce the classical hepatic alterations associated with ethanol liquid formula diets or following the acute oral administration of Read the entire page →
From page 198... ... (2002) also evaluated sensory irritation associated with inhalation exposures to ethanol. Read the entire page →
From page 199... ... For variable exposures, the mean response at 3,600 mg/m3 was also consistent with the clean air response, although the authors did not adequately describe how the variable exposure regime was implemented. AC Development Available study results support the existing Volume 3 short- and long-term ACs for ethanol, which are based on the Lester and Greenberg (1951) Read the entire page →
From page 200... ... did not correspond with flushing in either exposure group. As the peak individual breath acetaldehyde concentration for any test subject was 60 ng/mL, the ethanol dose was downwardly adjusted by a factor of 6 to estimate an oral NOAEL. Read the entire page →
From page 201... ... in five nonsmoking Caucasian volunteers exposed to ethanol at 50, 200, and 2,000 mg/m3. In evaluating inhalation exposures (2-6 h) Read the entire page →
From page 202... ... These values were determined based on the lowest AC for the endpoints in consideration: neurotoxicity, sensory irritation, flush response, and hepatotoxicity. Read the entire page →
From page 203... ... SMACs 10,000 10,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 -, Flush Response: Mild flushing should be tolerable during temporary off-nominal situations, so short-term ACs were set at the lower end of the ethanol dose used to elicit the flushing effect in sensitive individuals. -, Hepatotoxicty: Non-narcotic exposures could not cause the relevant effects during these exposure timeframes. Read the entire page →
From page 204... ... Pp. 171-207 in Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentra tions for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Vol. Read the entire page →
From page 205... ... Ethanol 205 Winebrake, J.J., M.Q. Read the entire page →

From page 190...

... However, a large quantity of them focus on the health consequences of oral consumption and abuse of ethanol and have limited relevance to inhalation exposures in a spacecraft environment. As documented in Volume 3, the overall lack of information on inhalation exposures seems to be driven by the presumption that exposures to ethanol vapors are not widely applicable and that ethanol vapors have low toxicity and are a minimal health risk.

11 Ethanol Pages 190-205

11 Ethanol
Pages 190-205