Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants Volume 5 (2008) / Chapter Skim
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17 Toluene
17 Toluene
Pages 329-347
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for toluene were published in Volume 2 of this series, Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, for exposure durations of 1 h, 24 h, 7 d, 30 d, and 180 d (Garcia 1996)
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= 16 ppm A NOAEL of 40 ppm of toluene vapor was reported for irritation of the eyes and nose during a 6-h exposure was reported in the same study in 16 young male volunteers. Because irritation depends on concentration but not on exposure duration, the ACs for all exposure durations from 7 to 180 d were based on the 40-ppm NOAEL, adjusting for the small number of subjects by a factor equal to 1/10th the square root of the number of subjects tested.
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Various end points have been studied including transient renal tubular acidosis (at high doses)
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. An earlier study had shown altered auditory evoked potentials but no clinical effects in rotogravure workers exposed to toluene at unstated concentrations (Abbate et al.
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2005) , a controlled clinical trial involving 86 subjects exposed to 100 ppm of toluene for 6.5 h found no renal toxicity and concluded that no causal relationship exists between moderate exposure to organic solvents and renal injury (Nielsen et al.
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showed no effect on color discrimination, whereas workers exposed to concentrations of 66.0 to 250 ppm (median 156 ppm) had significantly higher color confusion index scores and alcohol intakeadjusted color confusion index scores -- that is, decreased ability to discriminate shades of color (Zavalic et al.
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In 8 printers, concentrations of LH and FSH increased during a 4-wk vacation, indicating that the effect was reversible. Such effects on the plasma concentrations of reproductive hormones, although some are subtle, can have profound adverse effects that develop gradually over several months.
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et al. 2000 Subchronic exposures (10-90 d)
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in auditory evoked potentials. metabolite concentrations (Continued)
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predominantly toluene n = 174 1992 66-250 ppm Occupational Workers Significantly impaired color vision. Zavalic et al.
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range (rotogravure) n = 20 1992 Inhalation dose not stated Occupational Humans Altered auditory evoked potentials but no clinical effects.
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TLV STEL None set Abbreviations: NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; IDLH, immediately dangerous to life and health; REL, recommended exposure limits; TWA, time-weighted average; STEL, short-term exposure limit; OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; PEL, permissible exposure limit; ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; TLV, threshold limit value; STEL, short-term exposure limit. TABLE 17-5 2008 Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentration for Toluene Vapors Duration ppm mg/m3 Target Toxicity 1h 16 60 Neurotoxicity (dizziness)
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The resulting AC, based on effects measured in workers exposed for years, will be conservatively applied for exposure durations as short as 7 d. Although no data are available for neurologic and neuropsychological effects during or after short-term exposures (1 to 24 h)
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exposures to a median of 36 ppm of toluene and decreased testosterone and prolactin were reported for the occupational exposures. Because the reproductive effects of altered serum hormone concentrations develop gradually over several months and are reversible upon cessation of exposure to toluene, ACs for reproductive effects will be calculated only for exposure durations of 180 and 1,000 d.
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1999) neuropsychological effects NOAEL: <20 ppm, Human, n = 30 30 1 1 1 -- -- 10 10 10 10 neurologic and occupational (Eller et al.
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:389-392. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)
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Pp. 373-393 in Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentra tions for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Vol.2.
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1992. Absence of blue-yellow color vi sion loss among workers exposed to toluene or tetrachloroethylene, mostly at lev els below occupational exposure limits.
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1998b. Assessment of colour vision impairment in male workers exposed to toluene generally above occupational exposure limits.
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