Child and Adult Care Food Program Aligning Dietary Guidance for All (2011) / Chapter Skim
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4 Nutritional Considerations for Infants and Children
4 Nutritional Considerations for Infants and Children
Pages 61-76
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From page 61... ...
. The chapter includes special nutritional considerations relating to weight status, bone health, and iron status.
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From page 62... ...
Among the other foods also reported to contribute significant percentages of the energy intake of children age 1 year were several that are high in solid fat and/or added sugars. These include sweetened beverages (4.7 percent of energy)
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From page 63... ...
Table 4-1 also includes data on the intake of oils and calories from discretionary solid fats and added sugars. Summary of Food Intake Findings Compared with MyPyramid Amounts Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2003–2004)
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From page 64... ...
. The intake data represent mean intake of fluid milk, cheese, and yogurt.
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From page 65... ...
of the 11 micronutrients that were studied.1 For infants ages 6–11 months, mean intakes exceeded the AI for 9 micronutrients.2 Table 4-2, adapted from WIC Food Packages (IOM, 2006) , which used data from the 1990s, shows that the prevalence of inadequate iron and zinc intakes were quite high among breastfed compared to formula-fed infants ages 6–11 months.
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From page 66... ...
These discrepancies limited the committee's ability to draw conclusions about the adequacy of energy intake using survey data, but nationally representative data on the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity provide strong reason for concern about excessive calorie intake (see "Weight Status" under "Special Nutritional Considerations" later in this chapter)
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From page 67... ...
SOURCES: Intake data from NHANES 2003–2004. The EARs used in the analysis were from the Dietary Reference Intake reports (IOM, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002/2005)
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From page 68... ...
AI 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.1 Mean intake 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.5 Median intake 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 NOTES: AI 5 Adequate Intake; g/d 5 grams per day; mg/d 5 milligrams per day; NHANES 5 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Bold font indicates mean and median intake values lower than the AI.
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From page 69... ...
, analysis of NHANES 2003–2004 data revealed that high percent ages (77 to 88 percent) of children ages 3 years and older had satu rated fat intakes above the maximum of 10 percent of total food energy advised in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (HHS/ USDA, 2005)
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From page 70... ...
The current guidelines encourage eating and physical activity practices that help reduce the risk of becoming overweight or obese, as defined below. Among the many reasons to emphasize healthy body weight in childhood are the strong associations between obesity and cardiovascular disease risk, hypertension, dyslipidemias (abnormal blood lipid values)
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From page 71... ...
. Data covering the four decades from 1963 to 2005 show that the proportion of obese children ages 2 to 19 years increased substantially (see Figure 4-1)
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From page 72... ...
SOURCE: Derived from Ogden et al., 2006, 2008. Figure 4-1 Bitmapped Reasons for Concerns About Obese Weight Status in Childhood The committee recognizes limitations in the use of BMI as a measure of pediatric obesity (see, e.g., Ebbeling and Ludwig, 2008)
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From page 73... ...
Meals and snacks provided by the CACFP play an important role in helping children and adults consume an adequate amount of both calcium and vitamin D for bone health. Foods and Nutrients to Be Encouraged or Limited Infants and 1-Year-Old Children Upon reviewing the data concerning the food and nutrient intake and weight status of children from birth through the first year, the committee determined that, in CACFP, priority should be given to promoting breastfeeding and to limiting fruit juice and foods high in solid fats, added sugars, and sodium.
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From page 74... ...
2006. Development of Food Intake Patterns for the MyPyramid Food Guidance System.
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From page 75... ...
2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc.
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From page 76... ...
2009. What We Eat in America, NHANES 2005–2006: Usual Nutrient Intakes from Food and Water Compared to 1997 Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium.
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