Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030 (2011) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
4 Infrastructure Needs and Recommendations
4 Infrastructure Needs and Recommendations
Pages 41-52
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From page 41... ...
regional studies, including climatological, oceanographic, Several space-based observations are key for the ocean geological, chemical, and biological data. Many of the scisciences, such as vector sea surface winds, all-weather sea ence questions and societal objectives will require adaptive surface temperatures, sea ice distribution and thickness, sampling as well as event response capabilities (see Box 4.1)
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From page 42... ...
to the environment, such as the climate system, ocean Another component essential for environmental chemistry, ecosystems, and the water cycle, requires a stewardship are accurate measures of sea level, presently comprehensive array of ocean infrastructure. Importantly, accomplished through a network of tide gauges as well these problems demand capacity at both global scales and as observations of precipitation over the open ocean, river regional scales, to examine areas of high stress (e.g., coastal runoff, sea surface height, and surface currents.
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From page 43... ...
Stewardship of the as during events. These coupled networks can be combined environment will also require the capability and flexibility to with marine geospatial planning tools and high-resolution make disparate, distributed infrastructure assets available in regional models nested with forecast models to provide the event of oil spills and industrial accidents (see Box 4.1)
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From page 44... ...
E Other infrastructure required for fundamental under data centers that have seamless integration of fedstanding includes marine geospatial planning tools that are eral, state, and locally held databases, accompanycoupled to assimilative models in order to manage a variety ing metadata compliant with proven standards, of ocean observations; sustained observations of coastal and intuitive archiving and synthesizing tools. seafloor boundary changes and fluxes via mapping, seismic, • xamine and adopt proven data management E geomagnetic, drilling, borehole, and sediment-water inter practices from allied disciplines.
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From page 45... ...
• Broader ranges of biological, chemical, and optical sensors • More sophisticated sonar systems for bathymetry and water column uses • Advancements in underwater navigation • Permanent, large-scale subsurface acoustic for more precise and geodetic referenced positional networks (analogous to GPS) for vehicle locations improved undersea navigation • Continued development of hybrid ROVs • Broader use of nuclear submarines and air independent propulsion submarines for polar research Towed Systems Provide observations and sampling from • Broader ranges of biological, chemical, • Reconnaissance sampling using high-speed data near surface to just above the seafloor, and imaging sensors uplinks that allow for simultaneous video and with use on research vessels or ships of sample recovery opportunity.
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From page 46... ...
(e.g., benthic landers, AUV seaplanes) or other methods for self-generating power FIXED PLATFORMS AND SYSTEMS Moorings Provide surface and water column • Continued, sustained support of centers observations with high spatial and temporal for deep ocean mooring design, construction resolution, including persistence at key and deployment locations and groundtruth for remote sensing.
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From page 47... ...
• Biofouling resistant sensors (especially for salinity) , in order to increase longevity and mission duration • Reliable, foul-proof sensors for the upper 5 m of the ocean and in coastal regions • Long endurance sensors for deep ocean surveys • Embedded underwater navigation for more precise and geodetic referenced sensor locations Physical Provide measurements essential to physical • Measurements of the exchange of mass process studies and baseline dynamical (e.g., gases, aerosols, sea spray, water contexts for biogeochemical sensors.
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From page 48... ...
-- metabolamic techniques genetic, imaging, and acoustic • Sensors for toxin identification (including • Cheap, small toxin sampling systems for broad harmful algal blooms and pathogens) distribution throughout coastal regions • Wide-area benthic sensors for seafloor mapping to provide estimates of benthic community state and function Geological/Geophysical Provide measurements for understanding • Seafloor strain measurements (e.g., • Global-scale, reliable, continuous sensor networks solid earth processes of the ocean crust and extensometer)
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From page 49... ...
• Improved coastal remote sensing algorithms for ocean color • Nested imagery in order to scale spatial and temporal variabilities for comparison to point measurements • Interferometer scatterometers that provide higher resolution wind fields closer to the coast • LIDAR for near-surface ocean and ice sheet measurements • Sensors that combine infrared and microwave channels to provide all-weather sea surface temperature fields with higher spatial and temporal resolution • Higher spectral resolution • Remote estimates of river outflows and tidal, surge, and inundation elevations • More robust wetland remote sensing to include key biological, geological, and chemical parameters • Capability to study ocean-atmosphere fluxes Satellite Provide global to regional scale remote • Sustained gravity missions that inform observations. crustal, ocean circulation, and geoid observations • Geostationary ocean color and LIDAR remote sensing capability Airborne Provide low-cost, regional to local-scale • Increased use of unmanned aerial vehicles • Use of commercial aircraft to collect and transmit remote observations with adaptive and for campaigns and monitoring ocean surface observations event-driven capabilities.
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From page 50... ...
query and interpret data in four dimensions; and also mine, distill, and summarize key information • Skillful parameterizations of upper ocean mixing, including production of marine aerosols and indirect climatic influences with reliable methods to separate marine aerosol from other type of aerosols (i.e., land, pollution) • Regional predictions of anthropogenic CO2 uptake and release • Increased coupling of biogeochemical and physical models • Quantitative rate laws that can be • Food web models that can accurately predict the incorporated into biogeochemical models competitive success of specific taxa • Integration of the deep ocean with the • Marine resource estimates for projected growth of shelf seas for ecosystem-based management, industrial activities in the oceans including safety and environmental impacts for various industrial activities • Coupled ice, ocean, and atmospheric models to predict ice movement and thickness and to link with observed changes in ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles in polar regions • Coupled ocean, surface wave, and • High-resolution hurricane forecast models that atmospheric models to improve simulations are much more sensitive to effects of the ocean, of severe storms pathways and coastal adjacent coastal lands, and estuaries on storm inundation intensity • Tsunami arrival times and inundation areas • Advanced tsunami warning systems with low false-alarm rates for coastal residents, especially in developing and under-developed countries • Estimating outcomes of geoengineering experiments DATA MANAGEMENT Manage vast amounts of multidisciplinary • Improved approaches to analyze data using • International agreements to make databases data with high informational value for common frameworks and interchangeable broadly accessible fundamental or applied research and societal lexicon (e.g., informatics)
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From page 51... ...
Shipboard Technical Support Provide professional technical support to • Broader skill sets to keep pace with embarked research teams. emerging new systems, techniques and communications Community Facilities and Centers Provide and sustain physical or virtual • Broader access to calibration standards • Increased private-sector participation via (distributed)
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