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1 Introduction
Pages 12-26

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From page 12... ... . A survey conducted by UNODC and the Afghan Ministry of Counter Narcotics in 2009 estimated 10,000-24,000 hectares of cannabis cultivation and 1,5003,500 metric tons of cannabis resin production in Afghanistan. Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... It involves a variety of prevention, control, treatment, and law-enforcement strategies and the participation of local, national, and international government agencies. One approach in these endeavors, eradication of illicit crops, targets the beginning of the drug-supply chain by interfering with crop production in the fields. Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... b Because of the ongoing review of conversion factors, no point estimate of cocaine production could be provided for 2009. Because of the uncertainty of total potential cocaine production, the 2009 figure was estimated as a range (842-1,111 metric tons) Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... TABLE 1-3 Global Illicit Cultivation of Opium Poppy and Production of Opiates, 1995-2009 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Opium Poppy Harvestable after Eradication, hectares SOUTHWEST ASIA Afghanistan 53,759 56,824 58,416 63,674 90,583 82,171 7,606 74,100 80,000 131,000 104,000 165,000 193,000 157,000 123,000 Pakistan 5,091 873 874 950 284 260 213 622 2,500 1,500 2,438 1,545 1,701 1,909 1,779 Subtotal 58,850 57,697 59,290 64,624 90,867 82,431 7,819 74,722 82,500 132,500 106,438 166,545 194,701 158,909 124,779 SOUTHEAST ASIA Lao PDR 19,650 21,601 24,082 26,837 22,543 19,052 17,255 14,000 12,000 6,600 1,800 2,500 1,500 1,600 1,900 Myanmar 154,070 163,000 155,150 130,300 89,500 108,700 105,000 81,400 62,200 44,200 32,800 21,500 27,700 28,500 31,700 Thailand 168 368 352 716 702 890 820 750 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Vietnam 1,880 1,743 340 442 442 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Subtotal 175,768 186,712 179,924 158,295 113,187 128,642 123,075 96,150 74,200 50,800 34,600 24,000 29,200 30,100 33,600 LATIN AMERICA Colombia 5,226 4,916 6,584 7,350 6,500 6,500 4,300 4,153 4,026 3,950 1,950 1,023 715 394 356 Mexico 5,050 5,100 4,000 5,500 3,600 1,900 4,400 2,700 4,800 3,500 3,300 5,000 6,900 15,000 NA Subtotal 10,276 10,016 10,584 12,850 10,100 8,400 8,700 6,853 8,826 7,450 5,250 6,023 7,615 15,394 15,394 OTHER COUNTRIES Combined 5,025 3,190 2,050 2,050 2,050 2,479 2,500 2,500 3,074 5,190 5,212 4,432 4,184 -- -- Other -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8,600a 7,600a TOTAL 249,919 257,615 251,848 237,819 216,204 221,952 142,094 180,225 168,600 195,940 151,500 201,000 235,700 213,003 181,373 Potential Opium Production,b metric tons SOUTHWEST ASIA Afghanistan 2,335 2,248 2,804 2,693 4,565 3,276 185 3,400 3,600 4,200 4,100 6,100 8,200 7,700 6,900 Pakistan 112 24 24 26 9 8 5 5 52 40 36 39 43 48 44 Subtotal 2,447 2,272 2,828 2,719 4,574 3,284 190 3,405 3,652 4,240 4,136 6,139 8,243 7,748 6,944 (Continued) Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... b Potential production is the amount of oven-dry opium of unknown morphine content that could be produced if all opium poppy cultivated in an area in 1 year were harvested in the traditional method of lancing the opium capsules and collecting the opium gum or latex. c In some countries, poppy straw is used to produce acetylated opium rather than opium gum. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... f This series contains all heroin potentially manufactured worldwide, including heroin and morphine consumed and seized in Afghanistan. The amount of Afghan opium estimated to remain available as opium (potential opium, not processed) Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... . In this report, we refer to the proposed mycoherbicides by the species names of the fungi intended for development. Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... Mating Partner Cell and Nuclear Ascomycota Fusion Life Cycle Haploid Mitotic Diploid Mycelium Spores Zygote Growth Meiosis Meiotic Spore Germination Spores FIGURE 1-1 Life cycle of a heterothallic Ascomycota fungus. This fungus must have a partner to mate and produce meiotic progeny (ascospores) Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... . Until a species names is proposed for the unnamed Crivellia species, it must be referred to as Brachycladium papaveris, which, along with Crivellia papaveracea, are the names used for the two opium poppy fungal pathogens discussed in this report. Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... In response, ONDCP asked the National Research Council to form an expert committee to examine scientific issues associated with the feasibility of developing and implementing mycoherbicides to eradicate illicit crops of coca, cannabis, and opium poppy, including an evaluation of the potential human health, ecological, and environmental risks associated with their use and recommendations for the research and development needed for such use. The committee was charged with addressing the following issues about the potential use of naturally occurring strains of mycoherbicides in eradicating illicit crops: (1) Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... Toxicity to nontarget organisms:  Would the proposed mycoherbicides harm licit crops or kill other soil fungi?  Would the proposed mycoherbicides threaten biodiversity or pose other risks to the environment? Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... Research and development needs:  Could the effectiveness of the mycoherbicides in eradicating illicit-drug crops be improved through research and development?  What types of expertise would be most relevant for improving the effective ness and safety of the proposed mycoherbicides? Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... Evaluating those factors was not part of the committee's charge. The committee is aware that some researchers have proposed modifying the proposed mycoherbicides genetically to improve their virulence and efficacy in controlling illicit drug crops. Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service on mycoherbicides against coca and opium poppy; on the Forest Service's struggle to deal with illicit drug crops in national parks and other public lands; on the biological control of witchweed (Striga hermonthica) in sub-Saharan Africa using a strain of Fusarium oxysporum; and on the commercial production of mycoherbicides. Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... 26 Feasibility of Using Mycoherbicides for Controlling Illicit Drug Crops mycoherbicides, including pesticide regulation in the United States, international considerations for testing mycoherbicides, and a conceptual approach to evaluating risks to nontarget plants and organisms. Chapter 3 provides a brief overview of the biology and cultivation of cannabis, coca, and the opium poppy. Read the entire page →

From page 12...

... . A survey conducted by UNODC and the Afghan Ministry of Counter Narcotics in 2009 estimated 10,000-24,000 hectares of cannabis cultivation and 1,5003,500 metric tons of cannabis resin production in Afghanistan.

1 Introduction Pages 12-26

1 Introduction
Pages 12-26