Blueprint for the Future Framing the Issues of Women in Science in a Global Context: Summary of a Workshop (2012) / Chapter Skim
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2 Panel I - Cross-Cultural Issues
2 Panel I - Cross-Cultural Issues
Pages 3-14
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From page 3... ...
She was followed by Anne MacLachlan, senior researcher at the Center for Studies in Higher Education at the University of California, Berkley, who presented her perspective on the cultural parameters affecting female participation in educational systems in the highlighted fields. Finally, Alice Abreu, the regional coordinator of the International Council for Science Rio+20 Initiative and professor emeritus of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, provided an overview of the metrics and methods used in occupational sex segregation research to understand sex differences in the distribution of women and men in different positions in academia and the workforce.
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From page 4... ...
For example, 68 percent of females who majored in humanities secured teaching positions after graduation; only 52 percent of similarly trained males secured similar positions. Further analysis is necessary to explain these different outcomes for men and women, including understanding "What are the influences of expected outcomes on the labor market." In the nearterm, Salvi Del Pero and her associates will address this question using additional surveys of college graduates and longitudinal PISA data.
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From page 5... ...
3 Physics, Mathematics, Life Sciences Occupation and Engineering and Health Teaching Other Total Field of study, males Humanities 7.94 0.89 52.36 38.80 100.00 Social sciences 13.40 1.14 7.71 77.75 100.00 Science 55.32 18.40 13.80 12.49 100.00 Health 8.35 76.56 3.12 11.97 100.00 Total 23.03 15.44 16.79 44.74 100.00 Field of study, females Humanities 1.98 1.70 68.43 27.89 100.00 Social Sciences 5.45 2.43 11.42 80.70 100.00 Science 33.65 28.91 22.12 15.32 100.00 Health 5.61 69.89 5.15 19.35 100.00 Total 7.54 21.06 29.92 41.48 100.00 SOURCE: "OECD Gender Initiative: Strengthening Gender Equality in Economic Opportunities." Presentation made by Angelica Salvi Del Pero at the Blueprint for the Future: Framing the Issues of Women in Science in a Global Context Workshop. 2.2 Socio-Historical Trends4 Mariko Ogawa Mie University in Japan Ogawa presented a historical sketch of women's participation in chemistry, computer science, and mathematics before 1960, developed with collaborators Lisa M
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From page 6... ...
Each of these chemists greatly contributed to the field: Kathleen Lonsdale was elected as the first female member of the Royal Society in 1945; Dorothy Hodgkin was award the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1964; and Rosalind Franklin became known for her crucial contribution to the identification of the double-helical structure of DNA. Ogawa suggested that these exceptional cases demonstrated that environment and encouragement were important to women's participation in the chemical sciences.
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From page 7... ...
Much of the literature on the pre-1960 era came from Western Europe and North America; future research needs to find ways to engage multilingual literature for broader global coverage. Similarly, modern science is relatively new in many countries, and it is difficult to locate information regarding the status of women in science in a global context.
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From page 8... ...
Such parameters include: the number and type of higher education institutions; the percentage of women attending tertiary education by age cohort; the year(s) that women were admitted to degree programs and the establishment of chemistry, mathematics and statistics, and computer science as university subjects; the founding of relevant professional associations; the current numbers of women earning postsecondary degrees in these fields; trends in degree conferrals over last 30 years; and the professional employment of women in these fields.
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From page 9... ...
To understand the effects of intention on sex segregation among various sectors, Abreu referred to contributions by her coauthor, Frehill. These contributions used analytical tools to examine both horizontal and vertical workforce sex segregation.
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From page 10... ...
Vertical Segregation: U.S. Doctoral-degreed Mathematics Faculty by Sex and Rank, 2006 SOURCE: National Science Foundation (NSF)
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From page 11... ...
For example, if sex segregation in the workforce can be explained by the individual choices of women in relation to gender preference, then why is gender difference more pronounced in the United States and affluent countries than in transitional and developing countries? Abreu suggested turning to women's social status (such as married versus unmarried)
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From page 12... ...
Didion asked Salvi Del Pero whether she thought the framework of introducing boys to more feminine careers and girls to more masculine careers will work in a global context, considering the many cultural variances regarding which jobs and expectations are commonly associated with each gender. Salvi Del Pero replied that they not only need to look at the field of employment but also more detailed occupational statistics.
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From page 13... ...
Frehill also asked Salvi Del Pero to elaborate on the type of work being done in relation to gender differences within entrepreneurship. Salvi Del Pero stated that she did not address the entrepreneurial dimension in the presentation because of time constraints.
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From page 14... ...
Rebecca Keiser, deputy director of Policy Integration at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) acknowledged that the Workforce Sex Segregation and Higher Education presentations raised particular issues for her.
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