Assuring a Future U.S.-Based Nuclear and Radiochemistry Expertise (2012) / Chapter Skim
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4 Medicine
4 Medicine
Pages 49-72
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From page 49... ...
Nuclear reactors and particle accelerators have been developed to produce a wide array of radionuclides for diagnostic and therapeutic applications; innovative chemistry and automated synthesis devices have been designed to produce a multitude of new radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and treatment; and high-resolution and high-sensitivity instrumentation has been advanced for detection of radiopharmaceutical distributions in living systems, from small animal models to humans. Radiochemistry is used in nuclear medicine to combine elemental radionuclides with biologically active chemical compounds to form radiopharmaceuticals.
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in academia, industry, and gov ernment laboratories. In academia, nuclear and radiochemistry expertise involving nuclear medicine is mainly found in radiology departments, not in chemistry departments.
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No one could have predicted how valuable the cyclotron would become to modern molecular imaging for the production of a variety of radionuclides, especially the short-lived positron-emitting isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine. The availability of both small academic- and hospital-based cyclotrons spurred growth of the field and now regional cyclotron facilities have increased the availability of PET tracers, mostly through the production and distribution of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]
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52 ASSURING A FUTURE U.S.-BASED NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE A 900 China 800 England Germany 700 Japan Numuber of FDG Articles 600 United States All Countries 500 400 300 200 100 0 2000 2006 2004 2005 2008 2009 2003 2002 2007 2001 1990 1996 1998 1999 1994 1995 1992 1993 1997 1991 2010 Publication Year 4-1A.eps 1600 B China 1400 France Number of of Fluorine-18 or (18) F Papers England 1200 Japan Germany 1000 United States All countries 800 600 400 200 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Publication Year 4-1B.eps
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RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY There are many aspects of the field of radiopharmaceutical chemistry, including radionuclide production, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry,
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Box 4-1 describes the various steps in the preparation of a radiopharmaceutical. Radiopharmaceutical Research and Development The development of radionuclide production requires extensive knowl edge of nuclear reactions by bombardment of particles onto targets on a biomedical cyclotron or bombardment of neutrons on targets in a nuclear reactor.
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4.2 d Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Radionuclides Gallium-67 cyclotron (zinc-68) 78 h Technetium-99m generator (molybdenum-99)
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Radionuclide Production • Areas of expertise involved in this stage: cyclotron engineer and targetry chemist Particles are accelerated by an accelerator (cyclotron, linear accelerator) or nuclear reactor react Box4-2A.eps with the stable isotope nucleus to give an excited compound nucleus that emits a particle yield bitmap ing the radioactive isotope.
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57 MEDICINE Fluorine-18 fluoride ion from the cyclotron is reacted with the 2-deoxymannosetriflate precursor. The 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose tetraacetate intermediate is deprotected to give FDG.
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of FDG are injected intravenously 30 minutes prior to PET imaging SOURCE: Henry VanBrocklin Box4-2F.eps PET and CT scans following the injection ofbitmap FDG. Prominent FDG uptake is seen in the heart and brain because these are areas of high glucose metabolism.
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Altering the chelate backbone structure has led to a variety of imaging probes for bone, tumor, and heart and for brain blood flow. Throughout the field of radiopharmaceutical chemistry is the theme of interweaving nuclear and radiochemistry with an understanding and practical knowledge of biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, and medicine.
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Ac cording to the Society of Nuclear Medicine's (SNM's) annual report for 2010, more than 20 million patients in the United States undergo nuclear medicine procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of a wide variety of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (Center for Molecular Imaging, 2011)
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Positions in the nuclear medicine industry for radiochemists include nuclear medicine imaging, both pre-clinical and clinical, which is a key component of drug development. Pharmaceutical companies employ radiochemists to synthesize and radiolabel drugs of interest to determine their pharmacokinetics and target tissue uptake.
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From page 62... ...
NIH currently has at least six groups that are located in the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, the National Cancer In stitute, the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, and the NIH Clinical Center. These groups employ nuclear and radiochemists for developing radiopharmaceuticals for various diseases.
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. It was found that 34 percent of the respondents received their degrees in nuclear chemistry, radiochemistry, or radiopharmacy, which corresponds well with the 37 percent found in the earlier 2006 SNM survey (Center for Health Workforce Studies 2007)
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Industrial Sector Demand In order to determine the demand in the industrial sector, representa tives from companies that are involved in the nuclear medicine industry that employ nuclear and radiochemists were contacted and asked for numbers of current employees and estimated demand over the coming 5 years. These companies were selected based upon their known activities in the area of nuclear and radiochemistry for the field of nuclear medicine.
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NCI, National Cancer Institute; NIBIB, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering.
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From page 66... ...
A breakdown of the NIH radiochem ists by degree is given in Table 4-4. The groups that employ radiochemists include the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine in the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, the Radioim mune Inorganic Chemistry Section of the Radiation Oncology branch at the National Cancer Institute, the NIH Clinical Center,the Imaging Probe Development Center at the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, and two groups at the National Institute of Mental Health.
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From page 67... ...
(PR Web News Wire 2010) , states that "nuclear medicine is one of the most promising and rapidly growing segments of the medical imaging industry." It says the global market for nuclear medicine is predicted to reach the US$1.69 billion by 2015, and attributes the growth to improvements in the development of molecular imaging-based diagnostics and treatments, along with an increased demand from the aging U.S.
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significantly altered the DOE nuclear medicine research landscape. The cuts included funding for "molecular nuclear medicine research, re search and technology development activities in imaging gene expression, magnetoencephalography, biosensors, PET instrumentation for human clini cal applications, MRI and neuroscience research, radiation dosimetry for therapeutic dose estimation, and targeted molecular radionuclide therapy" (DOE 2005, p.
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.4 The focus, however, has been largely on the applications of the radiotracers and translation into the clinic rather than on the underlying radiochemistry technology and new radiochemistry reactions. Since more recent NIH funding data for nuclear medicine were not available to the committee, it is not clear if NIH has been able to make up the difference created by the reduction in DOE funding, especially for nuclear medicine projects that are more basic science in nature.
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From page 70... ...
Since the leading molecular imaging technique is PET, the need for radiochemists will also increase. The extent of the regulatory requirements, such as Medicare reimburse ment and FDA oversight of radiopharmaceutical approval, on the industry may factor into the demand for radiochemists.
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From page 71... ...
2010. The Market for PET Radiopharmaceuticals and PET Imaging.
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From page 72... ...
2010. Global Nuclear Medicine Market to Reach US $1.69 Billion by 2015, According to New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc.
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