Continuing Innovation in Information Technology (2012) / Chapter Skim
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Universities, Industry, and Government: A Complex Partnership Yielding Innovation and Leadership
Universities, Industry, and Government: A Complex Partnership Yielding Innovation and Leadership
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. The dashed black lines indicate periods following the introduction of significant commercial products resulting from this research, the green lines represent billiondollar-plus industries (by annual revenue)
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I T Sectors With Large Economic Impact Motorola AMD Intel eBay Akamai Yahoo! IBM Electronic Arts Qualcomm HP Symantec Juniper Facebook Twitter VMware HP Adobe Autodesk Nuance Texas Instruments Microsoft XBox nVidia Apple Cisco Amazon Oracle nVidia Pixar iRobot iPhone Dell Google iPod Intuitive Surgical Broadband Personal Internet Cloud Enterprise Entertainment Robotics & Assistive & Mobile Microprocessors Computing & Web Computing Systems & Design Technologies 2010 2010 2005 2005 2000 2000 1995 1995 1990 1990 1985 1985 1980 1980 1975 1975 1970 1970 1965 1965 Digital Computer Software Networking Parallel & Databases Computer Graphics AI & Robotics Communications Architecture Technologies Distributed Systems Areas of Fundamental Research in IT University Industry R&D Products $1 Billion Market $10 Billion Market FIGURE 1 Examples of the contributions of federally supported fundamental research to the creation of IT sectors, firms, and products with large 3 economic impact.
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a Industry Broadband and Mobile Qualcomm* 11 Motorola 8.2 Microprocessors nVidia 3.5 Intel 54 AMD 5.0 Texas Instruments 2.1 Personal Computing Dell 34 HP 41 Apple 89 Symantec 6.2 Internet and Web Juniper 4.4 Cisco 43 Akamai 1.2 Twitter (estimated)
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Such research often starts as a search for fundamental knowledge but time and again produces practical technologies that enable significant economic impact, in areas as diverse as optimal resource allocation and scheduling, compact encodings of signals, efficient search algorithms, fair auction and voting mechanisms, and ultralarge-scale statistical analyses. (Box 1 provides further discussion.)
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6 CONTINUING INNOVATION IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TABLE 2 Original Goals, Unanticipated Results, Current Results, and Possible Future Directions for Research Topics in Figure 1 Research Topic Original Goal Unanticipated Results Digital Communications Untethered communication Wireless local area networking for computers, cell phones Computer Architecture Tools to manage increasing complexity of Powerful computation in things such microprocessor designs; new architectures to as cars, televisions, kitchen appliances, dramatically increase processing power and mobile devices Software Technologies More effective use of computing power for Open-source movement that inspired specific tasks, and the creation of common many to gain powerful technical systems on which to run them skills and become entrepreneurs; the ability to create software systems of extraordinary scale and complexity Networking Sharing computational resources and data Network e-mail; widespread sharing of among computers software and data; the interconnection of billions of computers and other devices Parallel and Distributed Using multiple computers and/or processors Emergence of businesses such as Google Systems to solve a complex problem and Amazon that use multiple very large data centers to deliver services at large scale Databases Tools for managing, discovering, and Search engines, digital libraries, and locating information data mining and analytics on massive data sets; advances in databases that have led to the development of enormous data repositories -- improving knowledge and supporting new forms of scientific discovery Computer Graphics Display of real-time graphics and text on an Graphical user interfaces; techniques external screen for realistic modeling and simulation applied for near-realistic video games and movies; support by these technologies for applications in training and scientific exploration Artificial Intelligence Simulation of human-level intelligence, Robotic-enabled prosthetics and and Robotics including language understanding, vision, artificial organs; fly-by-wire avionics learning, and planning and antilock brakes; cars capable of parallel parking themselves; intelligent ranking of Web search results aSources for details listed are given in the section "Notes" following the main text of this report.
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Health IT alone expected computing performance; improvements in scalability with to spend more than $1 billion on cloud services by reductions in operating costs for very large data centers 2013; enterprise spending on public cloud computing services expected to expand 139% from 2010 to 2011 Enterprise systems industry. Widespread use of Natural language searches, data management to promote enterprise resource planning software; world's energy-efficient computing, cloud-based data analyses in largest civilian database, Walmart's data warehouse, heterogeneous environments, and other large-scale data stores more than 583 terabytes of sales and inventory management systems data built on a massively parallel system Entertainment industry.
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• esearch in the 1990s on multiple-input and multiple-output techniques, beginning with R closely related university research and followed by research at Bell Laboratories, has been a fundamental enabler of today's wireless communications technologies. • esearch and serious engineering efforts in universities through the 1990s led to the ability R to use complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology for radio-frequency signals, a development that made it possible to include WiFi, GPS, and Bluetooth at low cost in small, mobile devices.
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