The Human Microbiome, Diet, and Health Workshop Summary (2013) / Chapter Skim
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3 Interaction Between the Microbiome and Health and Environment
3 Interaction Between the Microbiome and Health and Environment
Pages 55-68
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From page 55... ...
. OVERVIEW OF PEDIATRIC CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS AND INTERVENTIONS1 One of the first studies conducted on early development of the human intestinal microbiome revealed some interesting findings, including that a baby's first stool contains microbes and that a baby's first antibiotic treatment has a marked effect on microbes in the GI tract (Palmer et al., 2007)
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From page 56... ...
For example, that the first stool contains microbes suggests not only that a fetal microbiome exists, but also that its existence could relate to prematurity. Fetal Microbiome: Clinical Implications Evidence of microbes in the meconium refutes the popular notion that the mammalian fetal intestine is sterile and that the first exposure to maternal microbiota occurs during passage through the birth canal, according to Neu.
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In an ongoing microbiota study of babies with NEC, Neu and colleagues have been collecting weekly stool samples from NEC babies and carefully matched non-NEC babies (i.e., matched with respect to gestational age, size, time in the neonatal ICU)
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reported that with vaginal delivery, the baby's first stool microbiota closely resembled the mother's vaginal microbiota, whereas with C-section delivery, the baby's first stool microbiota closely resembles the mother's skin microbiota. Neu mentioned some unpublished data that show not only differences in microbial presence between C-section and vaginal deliveries, but also changes in those differences over time.
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60 60 Escherichia 50 50 Bifidobecterium Streptococcus 40 40 Sutterella Mucin-degrading Roseburia Lactate-producers 30 30 Parabacteroides Butyrate-producers Subdoligranulum 20 20 Eubacterium Other SCFA-producers % of Total 16S rRNA Reads Faecalibacterium % of Total 16S rRNA Reads 10 10 Prevotella Bacteroides 0 0 Cases Controls Cases Controls FIGURE 3-1 Differences in genus-level microbiome content between children who develop type 1 diabetes and children who do not. NOTE: rRNA = ribosomal RNA.
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From page 60... ...
-mediated and TLR-4-mediated inflammatory responses. Darveau described disease as a "disruption in homeostasis," that is, a disruption in the healthy relationship between oral microbes and the host tissue -- one that causes increased inflammation and, eventually, bone and teeth loss (Darveau, 2010)
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gingivalis and detected alveolar bone loss and an increase in total oral bacterial load in the wild-type but not the germ-free mice after 6 weeks (Hajishengallis et al., 2011)
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Darveau concluded that we "need to know more concerning oral commensal bacteria contribution to health." For example, which oral commensal bacteria contribute to neutrophil migration in health? Can modulation of commensal bacteria improve health in certain individuals?
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From page 63... ...
difficile, reminding them that the indigenous gut microbiome not only has massive metabolic capacity, but also serves many vital functions. Importantly, it has been proposed that one of those functions is a protective one and that indigenous microbiota confer on the gut what Young called "colonization resistance." Without any additional insult to the microbiota, an estimated 25 percent of treated C
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The rarefaction curves showed that individuals with recurrent disease had the least amount of gut microbial diversity. Although the gut microbiome diversity in individuals who were successfully treated for C
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(2008) model and found that a pretreatment of five antibiotics without clindamycin did not cause disease, that clindamycin alone without pretreatment allowed transient colonization without disease (i.e., the infected mice shed bacteria briefly but showed no signs of inflammation)
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Young's interpretation of the results is that colonization resistance recovery following an antibiotic assault seems to depend on which is happening faster -- growth of the indigenous microbiota or growth of C dif ficile (see Figure 3-2)
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2011. Antibiotic exposure in the new born intensive care unit and the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis.
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for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clini cal Infectious Diseases 53(10)
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