Emerging Technologies Applicable to Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety and Security (2011) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 10-34
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From page 10... ...
2.1 Research and Information Gathering To understand the challenge of protecting Hazmat shipments, consider first the U.S. transportation system which encompasses the following: • 452 commercial airports • 361 major seaports • 3.9 million miles of public roads • 140,000 miles of major railroads • 25,000 miles of commercial navigable waterways – million miles of pipelines, including 2.2 million miles of hazardous liquid and natural gas pipeline (2)
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From page 11... ...
Among other features, OREISTM provides emergency responders with real-time information about the chemical contents of railcars and trucks that have been involved in an incident. The software also contains equipment schematics of tank cars, bulk containers, Hazmat trucks, and locomotives.
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From page 12... ...
It also looked at technologies that can benefit all five transportation modes: highway, rail, marine, air, and pipeline. (NOTE: the terms highway mode and truck mode are used somewhat interchangeably in this document, as are the terms marine and maritime.)
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(NOTE: In the report, the related disciplines of emergency management, incident response, and first response are referred to under the single term emergency response.)
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The interviews served to validate the lists of functional requirements that were concurrently developed by the team as part of the research approach. The interviews also sought to understand interviewees' perspectives on the technologies available to fill perceived gaps and obstacles to wider deployment of technologies for Hazmat safety and security.
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From page 15... ...
• Safety and security role • Functional requirements The screened research list became the basis for carrying forward a manageable number of technologies into the selection process of Task 2. 2.4 Details of Task 2: Develop Criteria for Selection of Most Promising Technologies Given the very large numbers of technologies that could potentially be considered, the team recognized that a structured, logical, analytic, traceable approach was needed.
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From page 16... ...
2.4.2 Define the Functional Requirements, Technical Capability, and Market Adoptability for Each Mode 2.4.2.1 Functional Requirements The project's research methodology was based on performing a modal functional requirements evaluation, resulting in a gap rating and aimed at deriving criteria by which the list of ITS Sensor or Other Field Device Pre-Terrorist Attack Post-Terrorist Attack Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) Surveillance Suspicious Activity Damage Assessment, Evacuation Route Surveillance, Assistance in Attack Area, Security Surveillance, PostAttack Assistance in Identifying Terrorist Hazmat Vehicle Transporting Hazmat Detection/Location/Reporting Possible Identification of Attack Agent Used Video Identification System (VIDS)
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From page 17... ...
The functional requirements are described in the following subsections, and the detailed functional requirements and attributes that the team tailored to each mode are provided in Appendix D The following definitions were generated primarily to provide guidance, clarity, and consistency for the functional requirements evaluation.
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From page 18... ...
Extract Screened Technologies for Each of Five Modes Define Functional Requirements for Each Mode Evaluate Ability of Mode to Satisfy Functional Requirement Determine Modal Risk Establish Functional Requirement Technology Development Priority for Each Mode Determine Technologies by Need and Priority Break Out Technologies by Importance Select Preliminary Most Promising Emerging Technologies Research Technologies Screen Technologies Technical Capability Need and Market Adoptability Need Modal Activity Level and Serious Consequence Potential Functional Requirement Gap Rating and Mode Importance Rating Peer Review Finalize Most Promising Emerging Technologies List Functional Requirement Gap Rating Mode Importance Rating Figure 2-1. Process for selecting most promising technologies.
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Similar to the technical capability rating, a composite market adoptability rating on a 1–9 scale was derived for the functional requirement. Ratings of 1–3 are low, ratings of 4–6 are medium, and ratings of 7–9 are high.
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Emergency Response Medium Market Adoptability Need Rating Low Medium High Technical Capability Need Rating Table 2-4. Functional requirement gap rating -- rail.
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Emergency Response Medium Market Adoptability Need Rating Low Medium High Technical Capability Need Rating Table 2-5. Functional requirement gap rating -- marine.
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From page 22... ...
. To give perspective, in general, one barge = 46 rail tank cars = 144 truck tank cars (38)
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Driver ID Known High G Security Medium Low Medium High Low Low Low Medium Mode Importance Rating Low Medium High Functional Requirement Gap Rating Table 2-9.
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Emergency Response Medium High Low Low Low Medium Mode Importance Rating Low Medium High Functional Requirement Gap Rating Table 2-12. Functional requirement technology development priority -- air.
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From page 25... ...
It was during this stage that the research team briefed the HMCRP Project 04 panel on the research approach. At that point, functional requirements with associated technical capability and market adoptability assessments and extracted screened technologies had been drafted as packages for the rail, marine, highway, and air modes; the package for the pipeline mode was still in progress.
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From page 26... ...
To the right in the same row, the technology or technologies associated with that technology need area for that mode were populated, under columns titled "description" and "potential solution." If the technology was associated with a high priority functional requirement need, it retained the designation of that from the mode's extracted screened technologies. If it was associated with a medium or low priority functional requirement need, it did not have that designation.
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From page 27... ...
The information with which to make these assignments came from the "technologies by need and priority" spreadsheet. Some technologies were described in slightly different ways in the screened research list and so it was important to note that and consolidate those marks.
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From page 28... ...
Advanced Cargo Locks and Seals 9. Cargo Content Identification 10.
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From page 29... ...
The technology areas are segregated into the following groups: • Monitoring and Surveillance • Alternative Power Generation • Infrastructure For each entry, Table 2-16 includes a list of modes that could potentially benefit from implementation of the technology area in addressing functional requirement gaps. Each of the most promising technology areas applies to multiple transportation modes.
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From page 30... ...
that could be applied to Hazmat transport. The intent was Most Promising Emerging Technolog y Areas Applicable Transportation Modes Monitoring and Sur ve illance Group Description : Networked RFID/GPS monitoring/networked ubiquitous sensors and cargo monitoring Marine, Rail, Highway, Air, Pipeline Description : Pressure gauges and chemical detection sensors Marine, Rail, Highway, Air, Pipeline Description : Fiber-optic/photonic sensors and optical scanners for monitoring of cargo, or for fixed point monitoring of infrastructure health and environment problems Marine, Rail, Highway, Air, Pipeline Description : Improved locking w/ fiber-optic seals, radio frequency, low power RFID and remote monitoring of seal array Marine, Rail, Highway, Air, Pipeline Description : Intelligent video tracking & surveillance system with capability for automated handoff to sequence of cameras Marine, Rail, Highway, Air, Pipeline Alternativ e Po we r Generation Group Description : Wireless power Marine, Rail, Highway, Air, Pipeline Description : Nanopiezoelectronics Marine, Rail, Highway, Air, Pipeline Description : Plastic thin-film organic solar cells with flexible polymer batteries that never need to be recharged Marine, Rail, Highway, Pipeline Infrastructure Group Description : Container integrity Marine, Rail, Highway, Air, Pipeline Table 2-16.
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From page 31... ...
Pressure gauges and chemical detection sensors NOTE: this is a category of two related technology needs with functionally similar purposes, within each of which is found emerging technologies. Improved sensors that can accurately detect pressure changes and chemical releases with very low false alarm rates.
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From page 32... ...
Structural foams and adhesives Composites/fiber-reinforced plastics Insulation and thermal protection Armor and self-sealing technologies Impact resistant coatings Valves and fittings Railcar couplers (cushioning) Improvements to containers such as rail and truck tank cars, casks, and pipelines.
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From page 33... ...
5 Fiber-optic/photonic sensors and optical scanners Company 1 Advanced locks and seals National Laboratory Company 2 Intelligent video tracking and surveillance Company Company 2 Wireless power Company Company 2 Nanopiezoelectronics University 1 Plastic thin-film organic solar cells Company Company Company 3 Container integrity USDOT Research Organization Company 2 Total 23 Table 2-18. Type of technology developers interviewed.
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From page 34... ...
Some organizations provided filled-out interview templates, others gave a verbal interview in which researchers filled out the template, and some did both. As seen in the technology developer interview research template in Appendix F, confidentiality was promised to all unless researchers were specifically given permission to use the name of the organization.
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