Guidebook for Measuring Performance of Automated People Mover Systems at Airports (2012) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 63-125
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From page 63... ...
63 a p p e n d i x a Contents 66 Section 1 Preface 67 Section 2 Research for Performance Measurement 67 2.1 Research for Performance Measurement -- In General 67 2.1.1 Balanced Scoreboard 68 2.1.2 Data Envelopment Analysis 68 2.1.3 Network Models 68 2.1.4 Summary 68 2.2 APM Performance Measurement 68 2.2.1 Applied Methods 69 2.2.1.1 System Dependability Method 69 2.2.1.2 Contract Service Dependability Method 70 2.2.1.3 System Service Availability Method 71 2.2.1.4 Paris Airport Authority Method 71 2.2.2 Theoretical Methods 71 2.2.2.1 Airport APM Performance Measurement: Network Configuration and Service Availability 71 2.2.2.2 Defining and Measuring Service Availability for Complex Transportation Networks 72 2.2.2.3 RAM: Reliability, Availability and Maintainability of APM Systems 72 2.3 Public Transit Performance Measurement 72 2.3.1 Historical Development 73 2.3.2 Concentrated Efforts 73 2.3.2.1 TCRP Report 88 73 2.3.2.2 Conferences on Transportation Performance Measures 74 2.3.2.3 National Transit Database 75 2.3.3 International Practices 75 2.4 Airline Performace Measurement 76 2.4.1 Government-Monitored Measures 77 2.4.1.1 BTS-Monitored Measures 77 2.4.2 Airport Operator/Airline Measures 78 2.4.3 Other Airport Agency Measures 78 2.4.4 Design Recommendations, Standards, and Levels of Service
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From page 64... ...
92 5.1 Survey Implementation 92 5.1.1 Section 1: General Information 92 5.1.2 Section 2: Performance Measures 93 5.1.3 Section 3: Data Collection 93 5.1.4 Section 4: Suggestions for Improving APM Performance Measures 94 5.1.5 Section 5: System and Operating Characteristics 95 5.1.6 Section 6: Cost 95 5.1.7 Section 7: Other
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From page 65... ...
65 95 5.2 Survey Response Data, Compilation, and Analysis 95 5.2.1 Age of Airport APM Systems Surveyed 95 5.2.2 System and Operating Characteristics 100 5.2.3 O&M Cost 100 5.2.4 Performance Measures 105 5.2.5 Data Collection 105 5.2.6 Suggestions for Improving Airport APM Performance Measures 106 Section 6 Airport APM Survey
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The performance measures address the efficiency, effectiveness, and quality of APM systems at airports, particularly focusing on impacts on APM passengers and on airport performance. Throughout the course of the project, research was conducted and work developed that contributed in shaping the guidebook.
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. There is also a wide range of performance measurement methodologies, including: • Balanced Scorecard [2.1.7]
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2.2 APM Performance Measurement This study has determined from research of numerous industry documents that current performance measurement of both airport and non-airport APMs is primarily focused on traditional measures of operating system performance (i.e., reliability, maintainability, and availability)
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no* Contract service maintainability Contract service availability System Service Availability Method Service mode reliability 6 1 headway yes yes Service mode maintainability Service mode availability Fleet availability Station platform door availability System service availability Paris Airport Authority Method Contract service availability 1 no yes yes*
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. System Service Availability Method Described Service Mode Availability For each time period and service mode of operation, Service Mode Availability is measured as: A m Scheduled Mode Operating Hours Mode Do( )
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2.2.2.1 Airport APM Performance Measurement: Network Configuration and Service Availability The first paper, "Airport APM Performance Measurement: Network Configuration and Service Availability," was presented in 2007 at the 11th International ASCE APM Conference in Vienna [2.2.5]
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] , and adjusts for fleet availability and station platform door availability.
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As one of the concentrated efforts in developing transit performance measures, the TCRP report compiled a fairly comprehensive database and explored an effective process. The process is useful for the development of airport APM performance measures even though the indicators may be different.
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Measuring performance in difficult-to-measure areas. Individual papers or presentations from these conferences may be applicable to the development of performance measures for airport APM systems.
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is the focus of another inter national application of transit performance measures [2.3.10] , which may have direct implications for developing airport APM performance measures due to the common characteristics of the modes.
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In this section, performance measures found in the airline industry will be discussed along with the possible application to airport APM systems. 2.4.1 Government-Monitored Measures The most widely reported nonfinancial performance measures of airlines are collected by government agencies such as the FAA, the United States Department of Transportation (U.S.
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From page 77... ...
A similar statistic could provide airport APM system operators with a measure of employees per vehicle or employees per vehicle revenue mile that could be useful when comparing systems or when considering expansion plans. 2.4.2 Airport Operator/Airline Measures The performance measures discussed in the preceding paragraphs are collected and reported by government agencies and not by the airports or airlines.
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From page 78... ...
While many of these metrics may be useful in the highway industry, one of the principles that the FHWA has established for monitoring congestion is that meaningful congestion performance measures must be based on the measurement of travel time. The reason for this is that travel time is easily understood by a wide variety of audiences -- both technical and nontechnical -- and it can be used from both a user and owner/agency perspective.
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Number and percent of trips with travel times > (2.0 × average travel time) Travel time index Ratio of actual travel time to an ideal (free-flow)
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In the context of the airport APM industry, it may not be expected that passengers would be traveling daily on an airport APM, nor that the travel time on an airport APM would vary to a degree great enough or frequent enough to make these measures meaningful for use by the public or an APM owner/operator. The additional time that must be allowed to make a trip within an established time, or the total time to be allowed for planning a trip within such a time, are measection will focus on travel time reliability and the measures that quantify it.
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Airport APM systems provide a relatively high level of travel time reliability that may make other measures better candidates for measuring performance. 2.5.2 National Transportation Operations Coalition In 1999 the FHWA initiated the National Dialogue on Transportation Operations to encourage discussions on roadway operations issues and advocate for a stronger focus on operating the nation's transportation system.
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The numbers of fleet miles and/or average annual vehicle miles are used regularly in the development of fleet sizes, maintenance and storage facility sizes, preventive maintenance schedules, and cost estimates for operations and maintenance of APM systems. Although the research of airport APM literature performed for this memorandum did not reveal performance measures employing a vehicle- or fleet-mile component, it may nevertheless be useful in comparing airport APM systems.
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Nevertheless, the material reviewed in preparation of this appendix served as a road map for the project team to develop the guidebook for performance measures of airport APM systems. and decision makers to evaluate and manage their systems using a set of performance measures.
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"Airport APM Performance Measurement: Network Configuration and Service Availability." 11th International Conference on Automated People Movers, Apr. 2007, American Society of Civil Engineers.
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D "Use of Performance Measures for Surface Transportation in Different Institutional and Cultural Contexts: Cases of Australia, Japan, and New Zealand." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.
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NCHRP WebOnly Document 97: Guide to Effective Freeway Performance Measurement: Final Report and Guidebook. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2006.
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4.1.1 Identify Candidate APM Systems to Survey The scope of work for ACRP Project 03-07 originally envisioned surveying all airport APM systems worldwide. Prior to contract award and in consideration of project budget and schedule constraints, ACRP limited the survey to North American airport APM systems.
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North American airport APM Systems to be surveyed.
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taining APM systems. The draft survey instrument was completed in advance of the site visits and contained questions organized in the following five areas: performance measures, data collection, suggestions for improving airport APM performance measures, general information, and system and operating characteristics.
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It became apparent during development of the draft survey and site visits that a separate survey instrument for airport and non-airport APM systems would be more appropriate since certain questions for an airport APM system may not apply to a non-airport APM system. While the differences between the surveys were not expected to be substantial, the team decided to implement different surveys, which also enabled the team to provide a clearer explanation to the nonairport APM systems as to the reasons for their inclusion in a project about airport APM performance measurement.
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91 4.3.7 Step 7: Survey Follow-Up In the seventh step, the research team contacted by telephone the survey participants that had not yet provided responses to ensure that they had not encountered any difficulties with the survey. The call was made by the end of the third week from the date the survey was distributed.
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Please describe each measure, including their names, how they are calculated, and their associated definitions, rules, and formulas. Please attach, upload, or send material as necessary to explain this answer.
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Please attach, upload, or append material as necessary to explain this answer. 5.1.4 Section 4: Suggestions for Improving APM Performance Measures 1.
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2. Please provide any suggestions you may have for improving data collection and performance measurement practices among airport APM systems, including what you see as being the best set of performance measures common to all or most (airport or non-airport)
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Please provide any additional information about your system or (airport or non-airport) APM performance measures that might not have been covered by the previous survey questions that you believe could be useful to our research.
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System Configuration APM Passenger Type APM Environment System Operating Mode 1 Dual-lane shuttle Single-lane shuttle Single-lane bypassing Shuttle Dual-lane shuttle Double Loop Pinched Loop Single-lane shuttle & Single loop Secure Non-Secure Combination Non-secure Outdoors Continuous Single-lane shuttle; 2 single loops Combination Indoors Continuous 2 3 Pinched loop Non-secure Indoors Continuous 4 Pinched loop Non-secure Outdoors Continuous 5 Pinched loop Combination Indoors Continuous 6 Pinched loop Non-secure Outdoors Continuous AIRPORT APM SYSTEM IDs 7 Pinched loop Non-secure Outdoors Continuous Dual-lane shuttle Non-secure Indoors Combined 8 Single-lane bypassing shuttle 9 Secure Indoors Continuous 10 Double loop Non-secure Outdoors Continuous 11 Single-lane by passing shuttle Secure Outdoors Combined 12 Double loop Secure Outdoors Continuous Dual-lane shuttle Non-secure Outdoors Continuous 13 Single-lane shuttle Non-secure Outdoors Continuous 14 Indoors Outdoors Combined Continuous 36% 14% 22% 7% 7% 14% 22% 14% 14% 64% 64% 36% 86% Figure A-1. Airport APM systems characteristics #1.
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AIRPORT APM SYSTTEM IDs 7 3.36 miles 4 stations Data missing 600VAC Rubber tire on concrete; onboard motor(s) 0.21 miles 2 stations 480VAC Hovair over concrete; w m 8 32 ayside otor(s)
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Airport APM systems characteristics #3.
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1 100 5,600 992,000 2 92 7,452 717,087 3 17 680 146,000 4 57 to 85 2,962 1,152,913 7,000 1,633,415 5 96 Data missing 6 78 1,560 Data missing Data missing 7 100 8 60 to 97 7,578 93,888 9 218 3,737 301,148 10 40 3,600 1,500,000 11 47 to 67 3,177 98,184 69 to 99 6,624 3,031,245 185,310 13 150 2,250 14 100 537 28,828 AIRPORT APM SYSTEM IDs 12 7,000 8,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Figure A-4. Airport APM systems characteristics #4.
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Table A-10 shows the annual O&M costs for the non-airport APM survey participants: 5.2.4 Performance Measures Survey response data collected from the performance measures section of the surveys are provided in Tables A-11 and A-12 for airport and non-airport APM survey participants, respectively, and categorized as follows: • Overall performance measures (including contractual performance measures) , • Safety and security performance measures, • Efficiency/effectiveness performance measures, • Passenger experience performance measures, • Other performance measures, • Grace periods, • Partial service, • Other data collected as performance measures, and • Best performance measures from the passenger's perspective.
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2.80 miles 8 stations 14 480VAC Rubber tire on concrete; linear induction motor(s) 1.40 miles 3 stations 480VAC Rubber tire on concrete; onboard 4 30 motor(s)
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1 100 Data missing 934,906 NON-AIRPOR 2 78 4,200 692,309 T APM SYSTE 3 56 500 252,94 M IDs 4 8 1,2 4 63, 1 96 931 Figure A-8. Non-airport APM systems characteristics #4.
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Ridership -- System availability; DT events; QA audits Maintenance completion; staff training Round trip time; station availability -- PM schedule inspection adherence Round trip time; station availability Cost/car-hour; car-hour per employee; op. hours/$1 cost PM/CM completions; breakdowns PM/CM completions; breakdowns Grace periods Yes, for stoppages equal to or less than 1 min and 10 alarms or less of 1 min in duration or less -- Yes, extensive and specific grace periods allowed relative to delays and downtime events Yes, for late trains up to 21 sec and for schedule transitions up to 15 min Yes, for service interruptions up to 3 min Yes, for delays up to 5 min; for delays and failures up to 1 min (fleet and platform doors)
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; peak vehicles System availability Train availability; schedule adherence System availability Safety and security performance measures Occurrences tracked Occurrences tracked Efficiency/effectiveness performance measures Cost/mile; cost/hour; cost/trip; cost/pax mile; etc. Operating hours per employee Passenger experience performance measures Complaints per month Number of complaints Cleanliness; elevator and escalator in service; and complaints Other performance measures Subsystem failures graphed; scheduled vs.
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] ; • Use fleet, mode, and station door availability, as well as duration and number of downtime events to measure performance; • Use a train control software package in the industry that creates performance data automatically.
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What was the basis for their selection? Operator: Address: City, State/Province, Zip: Contact Name: Office Phone: email: Basis for Selection: S e c t i o n 6 Airport APM Survey
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Maintainer: Address: City, State/Province, Zip: Contact Name: Office Phone: email: Basis for Selection: Question 1.6 Who is the supplier of the system elements (e.g., the vehicles, automatic train control equipment, guideway running surfaces)
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Question 1.10 Who can we contact with questions about your survey responses? Please provide a name, title, telephone number, and email address.
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Examples of these measures include but are not limited to: System reliability Travel time System maintainability Wait time System availability Trip time System dependability Round trip time Operational headway Line capacity Platform headway Punctuality Station dwell time Missed stations Missed trips On-time performance Question 2.2 What performance measure(s) do you use for contractual compliance purposes?
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Please attach, upload, or send material as necessary to explain this answer. A grace period is generally described as the period of time when the system can be late or even unavailable to passengers and not be taken into account in the calculation of a particular system performance measure, such as system dependability, as long as the system is restored to its normal operating configuration and headway within that grace period.
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Please describe each measure, including their names, how they are calculated, and their associated definitions, rules, and formulas. Please attach, upload, or append material as necessary to explain this answer.
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From page 112... ...
Please describe each measure, including their names, how they are calculated, and their associated definitions, rules, and formulas. Please attach, upload, or append material as necessary to explain this answer.
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Please describe each measure, including their names, how they are calculated, their associated definitions, rules, and formulas, and the frequency of collection from passengers. Please attach, upload, or append material as necessary to explain this answer.
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Examples of these strategies include but are not limited to: Operating entrained vehicles as opposed to independent vehicles Operating in a pinched loop instead of on a shuttle or vice versa Placing agents or attendants on board trains or at stations
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Examples of these capabilities or configurations include but are not limited to: Entrained vehicle operability Pinched loop or shuttle configuration More switches Additional platforms at current stations Platform screen doors Redundant onboard control units Platooning Stub-end shop or storage tracks versus flow-through tracks Survey Section 3: Data Collection Question 3.1 What methods do you use to collect and report data for the performance measures provided previously? Please attach, upload, or send any procedures that may describe collection and reporting of data at your system.
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Survey Section 4: Suggestions for Improving Airport APM Performance Measures Question 4.1 Please provide any plans you may have regarding ways to improve your own data collection and performance measuring processes. Please attach, upload, or append material as necessary to explain this answer.
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In the yard/storage areas: YES NO Question 5.3 Please attach, upload, or send the following information if available: A System or route map (An example could be the map provided to the traveling public in a pamphlet or at an online website.)
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Multimodal center F Other (please describe)
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Other (please describe)
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Real-Time Monitoring Capability Record/Playback Capability Maintenance/control facility Yard area Station platforms Escalators/elevators Vehicle interiors Question 5.16 How many cars make up the smallest independently operated vehicle that can be operated in your system? A married pair would be considered two cars for the purposes of this survey.
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C Mixed (independently operated vehicles and entrained vehicles)
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* ROUTE 2 Route Round Trip Time: Period Begin End No.
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C Other (please describe)
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Other vehicle hours accrued in 2007: _______________ C Total vehicle hours accrued in 2007: _______________ D
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(USD) Labor Management: _____________ ____________ Administration: _____________ ____________ Operations: _____________ ____________ Maintenance -- vehicles: _____________ ____________ Maintenance -- ATC/communication/power/track: _____________ ____________ Maintenance -- facilities/plant: _____________ ____________ Materials: _____________ ____________ Utilities Propulsion power: _____________ ____________ All other: _____________ ____________ Services/contracts Supplier technical support: _____________ ____________ Security: _____________ ____________ All other: _____________ ____________ Profit and G&A: _____________ ____________ Total: _____________ ____________ Electrical cost per KWH: _____________ ____________ Survey Section 7: Other Question 7.1 Please provide any additional information about your system or airport APM performance measures that has not been covered by the previous survey questions and that you believe could be useful to our research.
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