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From page 365... ... . See also Ethnographic studies; Natural history studies attitudes toward, 53, 80, 154, 158 demonstration projects, 91-92, 142, 167 epidemiology of, 166, 207, 213 incubation period of, 37 knowledge about, 41 45, 62, 65, 73, 154, 158 news coverage about, 76 prevalence rates, 80, 106n.4, 164, 165, 287n.67 research, 98, 149, 165, 198, 201, 213, 251, 268, 274, 290-291, 293 treatment, 80, 122, 338 AIDS hotline, 25, 62, 66-67, 68-69, 70-71, 74, 7~76, 78, 80 Alcohol 365 and reporting bias, 243-244, 263 compliance with treatment for alcoholism, 136 ALIVE, cohort of drug users, 167 Allegheny County, Pa, seroprevalence survey, 233, 235-236 American Social Heals Association, 66, 80 America Responds to AIDS, 50, 51, 59, 60, 61, 63, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 335 Anal intercourse reporting bias, 242, 243, 244-245, 248, 282 Anonymity HIV testing, 111, 120, 146, 161 in surveys, 217, 232, 236, 296, 321-322 Antabuse and treatment compliance, 136 Antismoking, program evaluation of, 15, 323 Archival data, 74, 78, 153 Arrestees, as sampling frame, 329 Assumptions covariance analysis, 16~170 interrupted time series analysis, 14~147 matching studies, 163-164 modeling techniques, 175-179, 180 natural experiments, 161 nonrandomized studies, 126, 186-187 randomized experiments, 125 regression designs, 14~150, 152 survey measures, 244 245 Attrition, 23, 98, 120, 125, 129n.10, 131-132, 186 Read the entire page →
From page 366... ... See also Reporting bias; Selection bias Biological outcomes, 35, 37-41, 154-155, 211 Bisexual men, studies of, 163, 167, 287n.67, 327-328 Blacks AIDS cases among, 52 drug use among, 289n.68, 291, 292 and reports of sexual behaviors, 263 Bleach distribution, 89, 99, 148, 332 Blinded experiments, 26n.8, 143 Blocking, in a research design, 320 Blood banks, as HIV test sites, 103 Blood samples, 223-224, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238 Breast cancer, observational and randomized studies of, 138-139 Broadcast Advertisers Reports, 66, 68, 70 C Califorriia, 287-288, 293 Department of Health Services survey, 218, 23~231 "Captive" populations, 292 Case studies, 18, 30, 126n.5. community-based organizations, 86-88, 91, 92, 318-319 counseling and testing projects, 110, 112-113, 114, 317, 318-319, 339-340 Causation, 124, 126, 127, 131, 171-172, 188 Censuses, 18, 90-91 Centers for Disease Control, 34, 98, 167, 198, 317, 319, 330, 335 CBO grants program, 46, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90, 99 Center for Prevention Services (CPS) Read the entire page →
From page 367... ... INDEX ~ 367 process evaluation, 84, 86-93, 99n.11 program objectives, 34, 46 project review team, 200 205 randomized studies, 94-97, 98, 100, 200, 33~331, 332 recommendations, 91 Comparability design, 126, 188 matching, 161-168 natural expenments, 159-161 quasi-experunents, 111 159 Comparative tests, 116 Comparison groups, 126n.4, 187 matching designs, 162-163 modeling designs, 168, 173, 175-176 natural expenments, 159 regression designs, 152-153 time series designs, 146, 147-148, 149 Compensation, and treatment compliance, 98, 235, 236, 321, 322-323 Compensatory behavior, 131, 134 Competing hypotheses for change, 20, 76, 93, 115, 138, 146, 147, 150-152, 153, 158, 183, 184, 186, 188 Complementary prevention behaviors, 41, 42-43 Compliance, with treatment, 98, 131, 132-133, 135-136, 235, 236, 321, 322-323 Compromised expenments. See Randomized experiments Computer-assisted telephone interviewing, 227 Concept testing, 55-56 Condoms, 267-268, 286-287 distribution, 89, 99 media campaign and, 52-53, 55, 211 245 sales as outcome measure, 25, 62, 74, 78-79, 184 use as behavioral outcome, 42, 47, 141, 278 Confidence intervals, 125 Confidentiality, 98, 338 HIV testing, 104, 120, 146 in surveys, 217, 321-322, 341 Confounding variables, 125, 144, 153, 163, 16~169 Consistency in estimates, 181n.49 Construct validity, 247-248 Content validity, 247 Contracting for evaluation, 29, 197-199, 318 Control groups, 47, 93, 126n.4 alternative treatment, 116, 117-119, 331, 332 compensatory behavior, 131, 134 media campaign markets, 62, 64 natural experiments, 161 nonexperimental studies, 20 randomized experiments, 21, 22, 12~130, 131-132, 137 spillover effects, 133-134 Convenience sampling, 111, 317, 318, 32~330 Copy testing, 57-59, 63, 337 Coronary heart disease and treatment compliance, 132-133, 135 Cost-effectiveness analysis, 17-18, 64, 79 Costs advertising, 64, 65 CBO studies, 92-93 media campaign evaluation, 60, 65, 71, 80 randomized experiments, 31-32, 5~51, 138-139 Counseling and testing projects accessibility, 104 105, 109, 112, 338, 339~340 adequacy, 104 105, 109-110, 338 case studies, 110, 112-113, 114, 317, 31~319, 33~340 client barriers, 104-105, 109 client completion, 10~105, 109 data collection, 17, 90, 104, 105-106, 113, 120 evaluation of, 27-28, 43, 197, 200, 203, 204, 326, 331, 332 monitoring, 335, 34~341 observational evaluation, 110 outcome evaluation, 24, 37, 110122 process evaluation, 18, 103-114, 317 Read the entire page →
From page 368... ... See Case studies; Client surveys Disaggregated analysis of effectiveness, 75 Disulfimm and treatment compliance, 136 Dose-response relationship, 188 Double-blind tests, 26n.8. See also Blinded experiments Drug treatment centers, 37, 42, 43, 118, 329 Drug use, 98, 324, 326, 327 behavior, 126, 128, 148, 181, 213 CBO projects, 87, 89, 100, 332 cohort studies, 167-168, 268 counseling and testing services, 116n.10, 118, 119, 121n.12 ethnographic differences, 28~289, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295 measurement bias, 268-275 parmers, 249, 324 reporting bias, 243-244 self-reports, 209, 245n.25, 267-268, 276, 277, 278 seroconversion rates, 39 surveys, 263-275, 328-330 E Education, as an independent variable, 106n.4, 163, 245n.26 Effect size, 183-184, 32~321 Effectiveness evaluation, 61, 125, 155, 170, 185n.55 community-based organizations, 93-100 counseling and testing, 115, 116 media campaign, 64, 71-72, 75-77 sample sizes, 317, 318, 319-320 Efficacy evaluation, 53, 319~320 community-based organizations, 99 100 media campaign, 61-66, 71 Empirical evidence, 172, 181, 249~275, 281 Empirical studies drug use, 263-275 memory, 279 sexual behaviors, 240263 Epidemic dynamics, 35n.1 Read the entire page →
From page 369... ... See Measurement objectives, 317-318 oversight, 200-205 research design, 18-27, 127-128. See also Before-and-after evaluation designs; Community-based orgar~ions; Counseling and testing projects; Covariance analysis; Matching; Media campaign; Modeling; Nonexpenmental studies; Q I-experimental studies types of, 16-18 validity, 325-326 Experimental studies, 118-119, 280, 296 F Face validity, 247 Fallibility of measurement, 211-213 Families, media campaign and, 52 Family planning, as outcome measure, 42-43 Feasibility of research, 27-28 CBO studies, 96 randomized experiments, 24, 138-139, 143-144, 323 surveys, 214, 275 Federal agencies, 30-31, 324 Federal Judicial Center, threshold conditions for randomization, 23 Fertility rates, 39. Read the entire page →
From page 370... ... C., 210215 Kinsey/NORC survey, 218, 237 L language and cultural meaning, 57-59, 235-236, 276-277, 280, 296 survey terminology, 45, 282-283, 337 Legislation, as an interruption in a natural experiment, 80-81, 145-146, 160 Linear regression, 168 Literacy. See ~ language and cultural meaning Logistics of randomization, 142-144 Longitudinal (cohort) Read the entire page →
From page 371... ... , 163, 16~167, 322, 327 Multiple indicators, 76, 78, 147, 148, 179 Multiple Diane series analysis, 146, 147n.26, 149, 162 N National AIDS Information Clearinghouse, 335-338 National Cancer Institute, 80 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) , 73, 157, 159, 22~226, 232, 257, 341 National Health Interview Survey (NIBS) Read the entire page →
From page 372... ... See also Multiple indicators Nonparticipant observation, 18 Nonrandomized studies, 94, 124, 182-185 assumptions, 126, 187 interpretation of results, 188 - 189 matching, 161-168 modeling of, 172 natural experiments, 159-161 quasi-experiments, 144-159, 168 Nonresponse bias, 236-239, 321-322, 326 Nonsampling issues, 239-249 Null hypothesis, 145n.24 Nutrition, program evaluation of, 149 o Objectives, 34-36. See also Outcome measures Observational studies, 19, 124, 128, 129n.10, 130, 131, 138, 185 assumptions, 169-170, 186 counseling and testing projects, 110 data collection, 26-27, 182 interpretation, 18~189 research designs, 126-127 Office of Management and Budget, 65, 159, 341 Ogilvy & Mather, 51, 60 Oral sex, 243, 283, 287-288 Outcome evaluation, 16, 17, 1026, 29, 37, 137, 189 community-based org~ni7~tions, 37, 93-100 costs of, 31-32 counseling and testing projects, 24, 37, 11~122 interpretation of results, 186 media campaign, 46, 71~1 research design, 19-26 selection bias in, 125, 132 Outcome measures, 145, 146, 168, 171 behavioral, 35, 38, 4104 biological, 35, 37-41, 154-155, 211 media campaign, 62-63 program evaluation, 45-48 program objectives, 34-36 psychological, 35, 38, 14 45 Outcome variables, 187, 321 Read the entire page →
From page 373... ... INDEX I 373 Outreach services, 89, 136, 330-331, 337-338 Oversight, 28, 29-30, 121, 20~205 p Participant screening, 324 Partner notification, 42~3, 103, 104 Public Health Service Act, 120 Public service announcements, 50, 51-52, 53-54, 57-58, 61, 64, 66-71, 72, 74, 75-76 Purposive samples, 327, 328, 329-330 Q Partner reports, 249-254 Quasi-experimental studies, 19, 2~21, 94, Personal interviews, 217, 222, 226, 227, 228, 126, 127n.6, 137, 144-1459 183, 184, 231, 238 18 Physical evidence, 278 Pilot studies, 229-230, 235-236, 280, 281-283, 296 P=,umocystis carinii pneumonia, 115 Polio, and experimental trials, 26 Polygraph validation, 25~255 Population size, 164, 165 Population surveys, 109-110, 114, 326, 340 Positioning statement, 57 Pregnancy rates, 38-39, 41-42, 44, 78, 154, 155 Pretesting, 281n.63, 283-284, 296 Primary prevention behaviors, 41~2, 43 Private sector testing sites, 340 Probability sampling, 111, 157, 214-216, 224, 228, 232, 234-235, 242, 317, 318, 326-330 Probes, 284 Process evaluation, 16, 17, 137-138 community-based organizations, 84, 8~93, 99n.11 counseling and testing projects, 18, 103-114, 317 media campaign, 18, 66 71 research design, 18-19 Project Review Team, 121, 200-205 Prospective nonrandomized matching, 162 Protective behaviors, 42, 44, 119 Proxy reporting, 324 Psychological counseling, 119 Psychological outcomes, 35, 38, 41 45 Psychometric validation, 246-249 Public education, 102 Public Health Service, 45, 159, 179, 189, 296 assumptions, 187 covaIiance analysis, 168 data sources, 153-159 interrupted time series, 145-149 media campaign, 59 regression designs, 149-153 R Race, 106n.4, 154, 169~170 Random-digit dialing, 227, 230 Random errors, 240, 241, 279 Randomized experiments, 21-26, 27, 124, 12~126, 12~129, 145n.24, 172, 189, 317, 330-331 appropriateness and feasibility of, 127, 137-144, 184, 323 attrition in, 125, 131-132 community-based organ~iions, 94-97, 98, 100, 200, 33~331, 332 compromised studies, 129~130, 131-136 costs of, 31-32, 50-51, 138-139 counseling and testing projects, 102, 11~115, 116, 117-120, 121, 204 interpretation of results, 18~189 matching in, 161 media campaign, 50-51, 6103, 64, 66, 71-74, 76-77, 79, 80 outcome evaluation, 19, 21-26, 336-337 replication of, 175-176, 182 response techniques, 28~281 sample studies, 33~332 specialists, 30 threshold conditions, 23 Recommendations community-based organizations, 91 Read the entire page →
From page 374... ... ahons, 92-93, 98-99 counseling and Besting evaluation, 113-114, 121-122 media campaign, 5061, 65-66, 7~71, 79-81 Response rates, 215, 216, 217-231, 235-236, 275, 322 Retrolental fibroplasia, observational and randomized studies of, 130, 138 Retrospective nonrandomized matching, 162-163 Return rates, 322 Reverse telephone directories, 229n.13 Risk prevention behaviors. See Complementary prevention behaviors; Primary prevention behaviors Rolling panel design, 68 "Running-in" period, 135-136 S Salk vaccine, and experimental trials, 26 Sampling issues controlling attrition, 321-326 convenience and probability sampling, 326-330 drug users, 328-330 error, 140 gay and bisexual men, 327-328 number of case studies, 318-319 sample sizes, 25-26, 128-129n.9, 317, 318, 319-321 San Francisco, Calif. Read the entire page →
From page 375... ... See also Client surveys; Drug use, surveys; General Social Survey; Household surveys; Kinsey/NORC survey; Methodology; Population surveys; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) ; National Longitudinal Survey of Youth; National Survey of Family Growth; San Francisco, surveys; Sexual behavior, surveys; Telephone surveys; Zelnilc and Kantner survey coding, 284 cognitive pretesting, 98 exploratory work, 278-286, 279 feasibility for measuring high-risk behaviors, 214 media campaign awareness, 56, 66, 6708, 77-78, 80 methodology, 207-210 process evaluation, 18, 19 quality of measures, 45, 4~48, 239 recruitment and response rates, 213-239 Switching replication design, 71-72, 148n.27 Systematic biases, 28S Systematic error, 47, 240 241, 279 T Teenagers, 55, 274n.54, 320325 media campaign and, 74 pregnancy, 78 sexually active, 257-260, 262-263 Telephone surveys, 223 media campaign evaluation, 68, 69, 70, 75 sexual behavior, 227-231 Read the entire page →
From page 376... ... 376 ~ INDEX Television, 148, 159 advertising, 58 markets, 68, 69, 76-77, 79 Test marketing, media campaign, 62-63, 6~66 Timeliness, 45, 46, 137-138 Time series analysis, 72, 77, 158, 159-160, 184 interrupted, 144, 145-149 multiple, 146, 147n.26, 149-150, 162 Treatment alternative, 116, 117-119, 331, 332 compliance with, 131, 132-133, 135-136, 321 delayed, 22, 115, 141 effects, 133, 168 withholding, 22, 95, 102, 114-115, 141-142, 184, 317, 321, 330, 331-332 Treatment Outcome Prospective Study, 167 U Understanding AIDS, 52, 73 Unit of assignment, 25-26, 117-118, 134 United Kingdom Health Education Authority, 32n.11 Social and Community Planning Research, 281-283 United States AIDS in, 50 ethnographic research in, 291 prostitution in, 293 United States Congress, 90-91, 145-146 United States Conference of Mayors, 83, 84, 85, 95 Universities, 198, 203 Urinalysis, 255-256, 269-270, 274, 276 V Validation, self-reports, 37, 241-242, 245-257 Validity, 44, 46, 361 attrition and, 325-326 client surveys, 111 coefficients, 248 critenon, 247 differential, 47 drug use measures, 274 face, 247 improving, 276-286 randomized studies, 186 systematic errors, 24~241 W Wait-list controls, 71, 141. See also Delayed treatment Women, 39, 283n.65, 295 media campaign and, 52 pregnancy, 41~2, 154, 155 self-reporiing, 251, 255-256, 258-259, 275, 276 sexual behavior surveys, 225-226 and survey interviews, 282 y Youth Incentive Entitlement Pilot Projects, program evaluation of, 162n.38 z Zelnik and Kantner survey, 257, 259 Read the entire page →

From page 365...

... . See also Ethnographic studies; Natural history studies attitudes toward, 53, 80, 154, 158 demonstration projects, 91-92, 142, 167 epidemiology of, 166, 207, 213 incubation period of, 37 knowledge about, 41 45, 62, 65, 73, 154, 158 news coverage about, 76 prevalence rates, 80, 106n.4, 164, 165, 287n.67 research, 98, 149, 165, 198, 201, 213, 251, 268, 274, 290-291, 293 treatment, 80, 122, 338 AIDS hotline, 25, 62, 66-67, 68-69, 70-71, 74, 7~76, 78, 80 Alcohol 365 and reporting bias, 243-244, 263 compliance with treatment for alcoholism, 136 ALIVE, cohort of drug users, 167 Allegheny County, Pa, seroprevalence survey, 233, 235-236 American Social Heals Association, 66, 80 America Responds to AIDS, 50, 51, 59, 60, 61, 63, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 335 Anal intercourse reporting bias, 242, 243, 244-245, 248, 282 Anonymity HIV testing, 111, 120, 146, 161 in surveys, 217, 232, 236, 296, 321-322 Antabuse and treatment compliance, 136 Antismoking, program evaluation of, 15, 323 Archival data, 74, 78, 153 Arrestees, as sampling frame, 329 Assumptions covariance analysis, 16~170 interrupted time series analysis, 14~147 matching studies, 163-164 modeling techniques, 175-179, 180 natural experiments, 161 nonrandomized studies, 126, 186-187 randomized experiments, 125 regression designs, 14~150, 152 survey measures, 244 245 Attrition, 23, 98, 120, 125, 129n.10, 131-132, 186

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From page 366...

... See also Reporting bias; Selection bias Biological outcomes, 35, 37-41, 154-155, 211 Bisexual men, studies of, 163, 167, 287n.67, 327-328 Blacks AIDS cases among, 52 drug use among, 289n.68, 291, 292 and reports of sexual behaviors, 263 Bleach distribution, 89, 99, 148, 332 Blinded experiments, 26n.8, 143 Blocking, in a research design, 320 Blood banks, as HIV test sites, 103 Blood samples, 223-224, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238 Breast cancer, observational and randomized studies of, 138-139 Broadcast Advertisers Reports, 66, 68, 70 C Califorriia, 287-288, 293 Department of Health Services survey, 218, 23~231 "Captive" populations, 292 Case studies, 18, 30, 126n.5. community-based organizations, 86-88, 91, 92, 318-319 counseling and testing projects, 110, 112-113, 114, 317, 318-319, 339-340 Causation, 124, 126, 127, 131, 171-172, 188 Censuses, 18, 90-91 Centers for Disease Control, 34, 98, 167, 198, 317, 319, 330, 335 CBO grants program, 46, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90, 99 Center for Prevention Services (CPS)

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From page 367...

... INDEX ~ 367 process evaluation, 84, 86-93, 99n.11 program objectives, 34, 46 project review team, 200 205 randomized studies, 94-97, 98, 100, 200, 33~331, 332 recommendations, 91 Comparability design, 126, 188 matching, 161-168 natural expenments, 159-161 quasi-experunents, 111 159 Comparative tests, 116 Comparison groups, 126n.4, 187 matching designs, 162-163 modeling designs, 168, 173, 175-176 natural expenments, 159 regression designs, 152-153 time series designs, 146, 147-148, 149 Compensation, and treatment compliance, 98, 235, 236, 321, 322-323 Compensatory behavior, 131, 134 Competing hypotheses for change, 20, 76, 93, 115, 138, 146, 147, 150-152, 153, 158, 183, 184, 186, 188 Complementary prevention behaviors, 41, 42-43 Compliance, with treatment, 98, 131, 132-133, 135-136, 235, 236, 321, 322-323 Compromised expenments. See Randomized experiments Computer-assisted telephone interviewing, 227 Concept testing, 55-56 Condoms, 267-268, 286-287 distribution, 89, 99 media campaign and, 52-53, 55, 211 245 sales as outcome measure, 25, 62, 74, 78-79, 184 use as behavioral outcome, 42, 47, 141, 278 Confidence intervals, 125 Confidentiality, 98, 338 HIV testing, 104, 120, 146 in surveys, 217, 321-322, 341 Confounding variables, 125, 144, 153, 163, 16~169 Consistency in estimates, 181n.49 Construct validity, 247-248 Content validity, 247 Contracting for evaluation, 29, 197-199, 318 Control groups, 47, 93, 126n.4 alternative treatment, 116, 117-119, 331, 332 compensatory behavior, 131, 134 media campaign markets, 62, 64 natural experiments, 161 nonexperimental studies, 20 randomized experiments, 21, 22, 12~130, 131-132, 137 spillover effects, 133-134 Convenience sampling, 111, 317, 318, 32~330 Copy testing, 57-59, 63, 337 Coronary heart disease and treatment compliance, 132-133, 135 Cost-effectiveness analysis, 17-18, 64, 79 Costs advertising, 64, 65 CBO studies, 92-93 media campaign evaluation, 60, 65, 71, 80 randomized experiments, 31-32, 5~51, 138-139 Counseling and testing projects accessibility, 104 105, 109, 112, 338, 339~340 adequacy, 104 105, 109-110, 338 case studies, 110, 112-113, 114, 317, 31~319, 33~340 client barriers, 104-105, 109 client completion, 10~105, 109 data collection, 17, 90, 104, 105-106, 113, 120 evaluation of, 27-28, 43, 197, 200, 203, 204, 326, 331, 332 monitoring, 335, 34~341 observational evaluation, 110 outcome evaluation, 24, 37, 110122 process evaluation, 18, 103-114, 317

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From page 368...

... See Case studies; Client surveys Disaggregated analysis of effectiveness, 75 Disulfimm and treatment compliance, 136 Dose-response relationship, 188 Double-blind tests, 26n.8. See also Blinded experiments Drug treatment centers, 37, 42, 43, 118, 329 Drug use, 98, 324, 326, 327 behavior, 126, 128, 148, 181, 213 CBO projects, 87, 89, 100, 332 cohort studies, 167-168, 268 counseling and testing services, 116n.10, 118, 119, 121n.12 ethnographic differences, 28~289, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295 measurement bias, 268-275 parmers, 249, 324 reporting bias, 243-244 self-reports, 209, 245n.25, 267-268, 276, 277, 278 seroconversion rates, 39 surveys, 263-275, 328-330 E Education, as an independent variable, 106n.4, 163, 245n.26 Effect size, 183-184, 32~321 Effectiveness evaluation, 61, 125, 155, 170, 185n.55 community-based organizations, 93-100 counseling and testing, 115, 116 media campaign, 64, 71-72, 75-77 sample sizes, 317, 318, 319-320 Efficacy evaluation, 53, 319~320 community-based organizations, 99 100 media campaign, 61-66, 71 Empirical evidence, 172, 181, 249~275, 281 Empirical studies drug use, 263-275 memory, 279 sexual behaviors, 240263 Epidemic dynamics, 35n.1

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From page 369...

... See Measurement objectives, 317-318 oversight, 200-205 research design, 18-27, 127-128. See also Before-and-after evaluation designs; Community-based orgar~ions; Counseling and testing projects; Covariance analysis; Matching; Media campaign; Modeling; Nonexpenmental studies; Q I-experimental studies types of, 16-18 validity, 325-326 Experimental studies, 118-119, 280, 296 F Face validity, 247 Fallibility of measurement, 211-213 Families, media campaign and, 52 Family planning, as outcome measure, 42-43 Feasibility of research, 27-28 CBO studies, 96 randomized experiments, 24, 138-139, 143-144, 323 surveys, 214, 275 Federal agencies, 30-31, 324 Federal Judicial Center, threshold conditions for randomization, 23 Fertility rates, 39.

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From page 370...

... C., 210215 Kinsey/NORC survey, 218, 237 L language and cultural meaning, 57-59, 235-236, 276-277, 280, 296 survey terminology, 45, 282-283, 337 Legislation, as an interruption in a natural experiment, 80-81, 145-146, 160 Linear regression, 168 Literacy. See ~ language and cultural meaning Logistics of randomization, 142-144 Longitudinal (cohort)

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From page 371...

... , 163, 16~167, 322, 327 Multiple indicators, 76, 78, 147, 148, 179 Multiple Diane series analysis, 146, 147n.26, 149, 162 N National AIDS Information Clearinghouse, 335-338 National Cancer Institute, 80 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) , 73, 157, 159, 22~226, 232, 257, 341 National Health Interview Survey (NIBS)

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From page 372...

... See also Multiple indicators Nonparticipant observation, 18 Nonrandomized studies, 94, 124, 182-185 assumptions, 126, 187 interpretation of results, 188 - 189 matching, 161-168 modeling of, 172 natural experiments, 159-161 quasi-experiments, 144-159, 168 Nonresponse bias, 236-239, 321-322, 326 Nonsampling issues, 239-249 Null hypothesis, 145n.24 Nutrition, program evaluation of, 149 o Objectives, 34-36. See also Outcome measures Observational studies, 19, 124, 128, 129n.10, 130, 131, 138, 185 assumptions, 169-170, 186 counseling and testing projects, 110 data collection, 26-27, 182 interpretation, 18~189 research designs, 126-127 Office of Management and Budget, 65, 159, 341 Ogilvy & Mather, 51, 60 Oral sex, 243, 283, 287-288 Outcome evaluation, 16, 17, 1026, 29, 37, 137, 189 community-based org~ni7~tions, 37, 93-100 costs of, 31-32 counseling and testing projects, 24, 37, 11~122 interpretation of results, 186 media campaign, 46, 71~1 research design, 19-26 selection bias in, 125, 132 Outcome measures, 145, 146, 168, 171 behavioral, 35, 38, 4104 biological, 35, 37-41, 154-155, 211 media campaign, 62-63 program evaluation, 45-48 program objectives, 34-36 psychological, 35, 38, 14 45 Outcome variables, 187, 321

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From page 373...

... INDEX I 373 Outreach services, 89, 136, 330-331, 337-338 Oversight, 28, 29-30, 121, 20~205 p Participant screening, 324 Partner notification, 42~3, 103, 104 Public Health Service Act, 120 Public service announcements, 50, 51-52, 53-54, 57-58, 61, 64, 66-71, 72, 74, 75-76 Purposive samples, 327, 328, 329-330 Q Partner reports, 249-254 Quasi-experimental studies, 19, 2~21, 94, Personal interviews, 217, 222, 226, 227, 228, 126, 127n.6, 137, 144-1459 183, 184, 231, 238 18 Physical evidence, 278 Pilot studies, 229-230, 235-236, 280, 281-283, 296 P=,umocystis carinii pneumonia, 115 Polio, and experimental trials, 26 Polygraph validation, 25~255 Population size, 164, 165 Population surveys, 109-110, 114, 326, 340 Positioning statement, 57 Pregnancy rates, 38-39, 41-42, 44, 78, 154, 155 Pretesting, 281n.63, 283-284, 296 Primary prevention behaviors, 41~2, 43 Private sector testing sites, 340 Probability sampling, 111, 157, 214-216, 224, 228, 232, 234-235, 242, 317, 318, 326-330 Probes, 284 Process evaluation, 16, 17, 137-138 community-based organizations, 84, 8~93, 99n.11 counseling and testing projects, 18, 103-114, 317 media campaign, 18, 66 71 research design, 18-19 Project Review Team, 121, 200-205 Prospective nonrandomized matching, 162 Protective behaviors, 42, 44, 119 Proxy reporting, 324 Psychological counseling, 119 Psychological outcomes, 35, 38, 41 45 Psychometric validation, 246-249 Public education, 102 Public Health Service, 45, 159, 179, 189, 296 assumptions, 187 covaIiance analysis, 168 data sources, 153-159 interrupted time series, 145-149 media campaign, 59 regression designs, 149-153 R Race, 106n.4, 154, 169~170 Random-digit dialing, 227, 230 Random errors, 240, 241, 279 Randomized experiments, 21-26, 27, 124, 12~126, 12~129, 145n.24, 172, 189, 317, 330-331 appropriateness and feasibility of, 127, 137-144, 184, 323 attrition in, 125, 131-132 community-based organ~iions, 94-97, 98, 100, 200, 33~331, 332 compromised studies, 129~130, 131-136 costs of, 31-32, 50-51, 138-139 counseling and testing projects, 102, 11~115, 116, 117-120, 121, 204 interpretation of results, 18~189 matching in, 161 media campaign, 50-51, 6103, 64, 66, 71-74, 76-77, 79, 80 outcome evaluation, 19, 21-26, 336-337 replication of, 175-176, 182 response techniques, 28~281 sample studies, 33~332 specialists, 30 threshold conditions, 23 Recommendations community-based organizations, 91

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From page 374...

... ahons, 92-93, 98-99 counseling and Besting evaluation, 113-114, 121-122 media campaign, 5061, 65-66, 7~71, 79-81 Response rates, 215, 216, 217-231, 235-236, 275, 322 Retrolental fibroplasia, observational and randomized studies of, 130, 138 Retrospective nonrandomized matching, 162-163 Return rates, 322 Reverse telephone directories, 229n.13 Risk prevention behaviors. See Complementary prevention behaviors; Primary prevention behaviors Rolling panel design, 68 "Running-in" period, 135-136 S Salk vaccine, and experimental trials, 26 Sampling issues controlling attrition, 321-326 convenience and probability sampling, 326-330 drug users, 328-330 error, 140 gay and bisexual men, 327-328 number of case studies, 318-319 sample sizes, 25-26, 128-129n.9, 317, 318, 319-321 San Francisco, Calif.

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From page 375...

... See also Client surveys; Drug use, surveys; General Social Survey; Household surveys; Kinsey/NORC survey; Methodology; Population surveys; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) ; National Longitudinal Survey of Youth; National Survey of Family Growth; San Francisco, surveys; Sexual behavior, surveys; Telephone surveys; Zelnilc and Kantner survey coding, 284 cognitive pretesting, 98 exploratory work, 278-286, 279 feasibility for measuring high-risk behaviors, 214 media campaign awareness, 56, 66, 6708, 77-78, 80 methodology, 207-210 process evaluation, 18, 19 quality of measures, 45, 4~48, 239 recruitment and response rates, 213-239 Switching replication design, 71-72, 148n.27 Systematic biases, 28S Systematic error, 47, 240 241, 279 T Teenagers, 55, 274n.54, 320325 media campaign and, 74 pregnancy, 78 sexually active, 257-260, 262-263 Telephone surveys, 223 media campaign evaluation, 68, 69, 70, 75 sexual behavior, 227-231

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... 376 ~ INDEX Television, 148, 159 advertising, 58 markets, 68, 69, 76-77, 79 Test marketing, media campaign, 62-63, 6~66 Timeliness, 45, 46, 137-138 Time series analysis, 72, 77, 158, 159-160, 184 interrupted, 144, 145-149 multiple, 146, 147n.26, 149-150, 162 Treatment alternative, 116, 117-119, 331, 332 compliance with, 131, 132-133, 135-136, 321 delayed, 22, 115, 141 effects, 133, 168 withholding, 22, 95, 102, 114-115, 141-142, 184, 317, 321, 330, 331-332 Treatment Outcome Prospective Study, 167 U Understanding AIDS, 52, 73 Unit of assignment, 25-26, 117-118, 134 United Kingdom Health Education Authority, 32n.11 Social and Community Planning Research, 281-283 United States AIDS in, 50 ethnographic research in, 291 prostitution in, 293 United States Congress, 90-91, 145-146 United States Conference of Mayors, 83, 84, 85, 95 Universities, 198, 203 Urinalysis, 255-256, 269-270, 274, 276 V Validation, self-reports, 37, 241-242, 245-257 Validity, 44, 46, 361 attrition and, 325-326 client surveys, 111 coefficients, 248 critenon, 247 differential, 47 drug use measures, 274 face, 247 improving, 276-286 randomized studies, 186 systematic errors, 24~241 W Wait-list controls, 71, 141. See also Delayed treatment Women, 39, 283n.65, 295 media campaign and, 52 pregnancy, 41~2, 154, 155 self-reporiing, 251, 255-256, 258-259, 275, 276 sexual behavior surveys, 225-226 and survey interviews, 282 y Youth Incentive Entitlement Pilot Projects, program evaluation of, 162n.38 z Zelnik and Kantner survey, 257, 259

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Index Pages 365-376

Index
Pages 365-376