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Appendix C: Animal Genetic Resources: Sperm
Appendix C: Animal Genetic Resources: Sperm
Pages 215-244
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From page 215... ...
International trade requires standards and tests for Ian Parsonson was assistant chief of the Australian Animal Health Laboratory at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. He is a member of the Australian Commonwealth Government Genetic Manipulation Advisory Committee.
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From page 216... ...
Three disease-free categories regional freedom, herd freedom, and individual donor and its gametes freedom from specific diseases-form the basis for international trade in animal gametes and in particular semen. MAJOR SPECIES OF DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK INVOLVED IN INTERNATIONAL GERMPLASM TRADE The major species of domestic livestock involved in international trade in germplasm are cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, horses, and poultry.
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From page 217... ...
ARTIFICIAL BREEDING CENTERS AND DONOR ANIMAL REQUIREMENTS The Australian Standing Committee on Agriculture has required that AB centers comply with Australian standards to be eligible for registration with the Australian Quarantine Inspection Service for the export of semen. Bovine semen production centers are licensed under state legislation to produce semen for sale from bulls kept within the center and judged to be disease free according to minimum standards set out in the Minimum Health Standards for Stock Standing at
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From page 218... ...
Semen production centers in Australia must comply with the Australian and OIE standards to be eligible to export semen. By definition, a licensed bovine semen production center is licensed under state legislation to produce semen for sale from bulls kept within the center and judged to be disease free according to the minimum standards described by the Australian Quarantine Inspection Service (1988~.
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From page 219... ...
In the United States, the use of penicillin, dihydrostreptomycin, and polymyxin B sulphate has been replaced in the minimum requirements of the Certified Semen Services (CSS) with the new combination of tylosin, gentamicin, lincomycin, and spectinomycin (soak, 1986~.
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From page 220... ...
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus The most important virus disease on the OIE's List A is that caused by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) because of its presence on all continents, except Australia and North America, and because of the number of animal species affected by FMDV.
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From page 221... ...
. When semen contaminated with BTV is instilled into the cervix and uterus of susceptible cattle, it usually causes infection, generally without clinical signs, and it appears to have little or no effect on subsequent pregnancy (Bowen and Howard, 1984; Parsonson et al., 1987a,b)
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From page 222... ...
demonstrated the presence of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in bull semen for 22 days following fever and generalized skin lesions.
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From page 223... ...
This agent is one of the remaining enigmas of veterinary science and pathogenesis, and epidemiological studies are urgently needed because animals and gametes from the Americas constitute a large segment of international trade in livestock germplasm. Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (Mycoplasma mycoides subsp.
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From page 224... ...
Although difficulty with mounting was seen in boars affected with FMDV, it may not prevent collection of semen contaminated with FMDV or SVDV before manifestation of clinical disease (McVicar, 1984; Thacker et al., 1984~. African Swine Fever Virus African swine fever virus (ASFV)
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From page 225... ...
Because of advances in testing methods for the agents listed and better disease controls within the countries where the agents are present, semen and gametes from high-risk areas of Africa and South America can now be transferred through offshore quarantine facilities to the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. Such transfers of gametes have increased prospects for international movement of animal germplasm and also have improved prospects for cryopreservation and use of rare, potentially desirable genetic materials.
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Mycoplasmas Examinations of bovine semen carried out in a series of surveys over recent years have noted the presence of a number of mycoplasma and ureaplasma contaminants. Mycoplasma bovigenitalium is usually the predominant organism along with ureaplasma.
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Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Because infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) viruses are so readily transmitted in semen and already found in cattle populations worldwide, importing countries usually require evidence of donor freedom from infection.
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of the semen used, became seropositive for BLV during the study. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus During evaluations of a procedure to test large numbers of semen samples for viral contamination, using an in vivo system to test pooled semen samples, called the Cornell semen test, Schultz et al.
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From page 229... ...
, and temporary infertility was reported in bulls with clinical infection (Chenoweth and Burgess, 1972~. In experimentally infected bulls, spermatozoa were found to have detached heads and tails, or bent and coiled tails, and ephemeral fever virus (EFV)
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From page 230... ...
By using the same approach with swine AB centers as that adopted for controlling bovine semen, similarly high-quality standards for semen could be attained. Trying to assess the microorganism contamination of semen is very unrewarding because of the difficulty of culturing semen from animals.
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(1986~. The experiments consist of groups in which embryo transfer in sheep with artificially induced scrapie embryo transfer in goats with artificially induced scrapie and embryo transfer in sheep with naturally occurring scrapie are being conducted.
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A major bacterial venereal disease of horses, contagious equine metritis (CEM) , caused by Haemophilus equigenitalis (Taylor et al., 1978)
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From page 233... ...
For long-term preservation of germplasm, it will be imperative to use only specific pathogen free flocks. For preservation of endangered or rare bird species, a high standard of disease control will be necessary, but because the genetic material will be rare, some accommodation may have to be made.
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The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1984)
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From page 235... ...
In the OIE code for bovine semen (1986) from AB centers accredited for export, the purpose of official sanitary control in semen production is to maintain the health of animals at an AB center at a standard that permits the international distribution of semen free of specific pathogenic organisms that can be carried in semen and cause infection in recipient female cattle.
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From page 236... ...
Irrespective of the official body that undertakes the task, continuous monitoring of the diseases to be excluded and notification of newly recognized pathogenic microorganisms would be essential to the effectiveness of such standards. The international trade in germplasm has functioned with exceptional efficiency, based on the requirements of the importing countries and the standards for AB centers of the exporting countries.
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From page 237... ...
Thus, BVD seronegative bulls in AB centers could best be checked by attempting to isolate the virus from blood and by carrying out serological testing to ensure freedom from BVDV. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus is known to be a contaminant of semen when there is a recrudescence of the disease on the penis and prepuce of infected bulls (Snowdon, 1964; Studdert et al., 1964~.
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From page 238... ...
Within the United States, the Certified Semen Services provides a voluntary code, Minimum Requirements for Health of Bulls Producing Semen for A.I., for the member organizations of the National Association of Animal Breeders to establish standards for herd health and standards of hygiene for AB establishments (Howard, 1986~. Although these standards are proposed for bull AB centers, the principles would be applicable for other species of domestic animals used in artificial breeding.
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1984. Transmission of bluetongue virus by intrauterine inoculation or insemination of virus-containing bovine semen.
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4. Paris: Office International des Epizooties.
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1977. Foot-and-mouth disease and swine vesicular disease viruses in boar semen.
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1975. The effect of natural and artificial breeding using bulls infected with, or semen contaminated with, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.
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From page 243... ...
1973. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in extended bovine semen.
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