Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology (1992) / Chapter Skim
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4 Autoimmune Diseases
4 Autoimmune Diseases
Pages 53-62
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From page 53... ...
Exposure to xenobiotic substances is automated wid certain autoimmune diseases; Table =1 provides a partial list. The auto~une response can produce disease directly by means of c~rcula~g antibody, indirectly through the formation of immune complexes, or as a consequence of cell-mediated immunity.
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From page 54... ...
Croh='s disease was not described until 1932 (Crow et al., 1932~. Rheumatoid arthritis is Iso relatively new and is less common than other forms of arthritis manifested in 01d World skeletal remains (Woods and Rothschild, 1988~.
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From page 55... ...
Trends and geographic variations are useful, if Occult, In clarifying the epidemiology and etiology of auto~une disease. SUSCE:PIIBILITY VERSUS EXPOSURE There is a familial clustering of many Autoimmune diseases, suggesting a genetic predisposition.
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From page 56... ...
Studies of human populations have shown that certain ~unoilobnlin allotypes (genetically determined markers on ~mmunoglobulm molecules) are associated with a greater risk of developing particular autoimmune diseases, such as Graves' disease and ~nS~in-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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From page 57... ...
of women who developed features of autoimmune disease, such as scleroderma, after receiving mammary ~njections or implants of silicone for cosmetic reasons. There Is controversy about this association, because the calculated incidence in He United States Hong women with augmentation mammoplasty ~s.no greater than that found In the population at large.
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From page 58... ...
A good model is the well-shldied New Zealand Black mouse, in which both sexes spontaneously develop autoimmune hemolytic anemia, B- and T-ceB defects, hepatosplenomegaly, and glomerulonephrit~s because of a genetic predisposition (Milich and Gersiwon, 1980~.
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From page 59... ...
The lesson learned Mom animal models of autoimmun~q Is that genetic influences, environmental exposure, or In some cases a combination of the two can lead to autoimmune disease. Our knowledge of auto~mmune phenomena In humans suggests a similar situation.
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From page 60... ...
Specific Tissue Auto~tibodies Serum antibodies to specific tissue antigens defected by~munofluorescence, radim ~Imoassay, enzyme -linkedm~ m unosorbent assay (ELISA) , mlmunoperomdase, and other highly sensitive techniques have been useful ~ the diagnosis of certain auto~mmune &eases.
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From page 61... ...
Complement ~~mmatory disorders can deplete the immune complement, and an abnormally low level of complement (C3 consumption) , although not a specific marker of auto~mmun~ty, can be a biologic marker of disease achuty in autoimmune~ disorders, most notably systemic lupus e~hematosus (Toth et al., 1986~.
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From page 62... ...
The association between autoimmune disease and some pharmaceuticals is well established Efforts should be made to investigate the prevalence of autoimmune responses and markers among pharmaceutical-manufac~re workers. Perhaps healthcare workers routinely exposed to these drugs could also be monitored for the pre,..r AIRS IN IMMUNOTO~COL~ valence of drug-~nduced autoimmune disease.
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